Endocrine Disorders Overview
EXAM NEWEST COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED
A+
ALDOSTERONE - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Constitutes ~
95% or more of the mineralocorticoid activity.
Increases Na reabsorption from the distal
convoluted tubules and cortical collecting ducts.
Enhances K, H, Ca and Mg excretion at the distal
tubule of kidney.
PRIMARY 1° ALDOSTERONISM -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Includes unilateral adenoma (most
common), bilateral hyperplasia (seen in 25-40% of
patients), and adrenal carcinoma.
SECONDARY 2° ALDOSTERONISM -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Caused by clinical triggers such as
hypotension, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, and
hyperkalemia.
, GLUCOCORTICOIDS - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Includes
cortisol (hydrocortisone), the principal glucocorticoid
accounting for 95% of all glucocorticoid activity, and
synthetic glucocorticoids like prednisone,
methylprednisone, and dexamethasone.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Characterized by excess corticosteroids, regardless
of cause, leading to clinical manifestations such as
hypertension, mental status changes, glucose
intolerance, muscle wasting/weakness, central
obesity/abdominal striae, and osteoporosis.
METYRAPONE (Metopirone) - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Inhibits 11-β-hydroxylation responsible for cortisol
synthesis, leading to reduced cortisol secretion and
increased production of 11-desoxycorticosterone.
ADDISON'S DISEASE - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Primary
adrenal insufficiency resulting in a combined
deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids,
caused by factors like autoimmune disorder,
granulomatous tumor, malignant tumor, surgical
removal of adrenals, adrenal hemorrhage, or fungal
infection of the adrenals.
EXAM NEWEST COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED
A+
ALDOSTERONE - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Constitutes ~
95% or more of the mineralocorticoid activity.
Increases Na reabsorption from the distal
convoluted tubules and cortical collecting ducts.
Enhances K, H, Ca and Mg excretion at the distal
tubule of kidney.
PRIMARY 1° ALDOSTERONISM -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Includes unilateral adenoma (most
common), bilateral hyperplasia (seen in 25-40% of
patients), and adrenal carcinoma.
SECONDARY 2° ALDOSTERONISM -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Caused by clinical triggers such as
hypotension, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, and
hyperkalemia.
, GLUCOCORTICOIDS - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Includes
cortisol (hydrocortisone), the principal glucocorticoid
accounting for 95% of all glucocorticoid activity, and
synthetic glucocorticoids like prednisone,
methylprednisone, and dexamethasone.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Characterized by excess corticosteroids, regardless
of cause, leading to clinical manifestations such as
hypertension, mental status changes, glucose
intolerance, muscle wasting/weakness, central
obesity/abdominal striae, and osteoporosis.
METYRAPONE (Metopirone) - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Inhibits 11-β-hydroxylation responsible for cortisol
synthesis, leading to reduced cortisol secretion and
increased production of 11-desoxycorticosterone.
ADDISON'S DISEASE - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Primary
adrenal insufficiency resulting in a combined
deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids,
caused by factors like autoimmune disorder,
granulomatous tumor, malignant tumor, surgical
removal of adrenals, adrenal hemorrhage, or fungal
infection of the adrenals.
