Nutrition 1020 Exam 3 WSU with verified solutions 2024

digestion breaking down of food big food parts into smaller ones mechanical, involves muscles and nerves Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More big nutrients into smaller ones chemical, involves acid, enzymes, and hormones enzyme protein that catalyzes metabolic reactions and are necessary for most biochemical reactions to occur - digestive enzymes break down food ex) amylase for carbs protease for proteins lipase for lipids/fats Hormone chemicals produced by cells (in an endocrine gland) are secreted, then affect the behavior of cells at distal sites in the body ex) cholecystokinin and secretin in digestion mechanical digestion chewing (mastication) chemical digestion saliva (lubrication), amylase (breaks down digestible carbs) food becomes bolus esophagus persitalsis begins here peristalsis muscular wave action that occurs throughout the intestinal tract -controlled by central nervous system and facilitates excretion by propelling food stuff through the body stomach muscular organ and storage reservoir - mechanically digests by mixing and churning - chemically digests food with acid and enzymes (pepsin) - bolus becomes chyme Small intestine duodenum(front) jejunum (middle) ileum (end) Signaling the accessory organs - for assistance in digesting the food - by hormones - cells in intestinal wall produce hormones cholecystokinin and secretin which enter blood stream and signal accessory organs The liver makes bile gallbladder stores bile pancreas makes enzymes for the chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, and fats - makes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids Function of Bile emulsifier ex) lipase enzyme-bile breaks down fat so it fits in the enzyme to digest passive (simple) diffusion (transport) nutrients like water and lipid byproducts pass freely across membranes via a concentration gradient facilitated diffusion (transport) nutrients like water soluble vitamins diffuse across membranes using a specific/selective transport proteins sites of absorption duodenum: many nutrients jejunum: many nutrients ileum: only selected nutrients colon (lg intestine): water Transportation of Nutrients blood vessels: water soluble nutrients lymphatic vessels: fat soluble nutrients cellular storage short term, intermediate, long term catabolic reactions breaking down (things get smaller) involves hydrolysis reactions - are degrading or destructive in nature anabolic reactions building up (things get bigger) involves condensation reactions - synthesizing or constructive in nature homeostasis balance of catabolic and anabolic reactions in a person so a relatively stable internal environment or equilibrium is achieved metabolic examples: - enzyme lipase on triglycerides= catabolic - bile on triglycerides=neither - secretin on liver: anabolic (creates bile) excretion in kidney water and water soluble waste excretion in skin water and water soluble waste excretion in the lung carbon dioxide and water excretion in the colon (large intestine) water is removed and waste (bacteria, fiver, slughed cells, undigested food) is compacted