CDS 450 Exam 2 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Scientific Theory - ANSWER - -educated guess
-right over and over again
-observations + data=facts=lots of facts=theory
-belief but with FACTS
infant directed speech def - ANSWER - When adults talk differently to infants than
they do to older children. Includes paralinguistics, syntactic, and discourse features.
some theories are better than others - ANSWER - The evidence that backs it up,
research data for a long time a lot of studies that this theory holds true like stacking
blocks and a big foundation and one that has a lot of holes, more like a house of
cards can tumble down
AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS IT
Behaviorism (nurture) (who made it)
how language is shaped
why are consequences so important - ANSWER - skinner
-Operant conditioning
-shape behavior through consequences in behaviors and reactions to their
behaviors that shape future behavior
-Children "learn" language as adults reinforce their vocalizations
consequences:
-punishment: weaken behavior
-Reinforce-strengthen behavior
,universal grammar (nature) (who made it) - ANSWER - chomsky
-Across the world there are similarities in language—fundamental characteristics
Nouns verbs adjectives, "me" and "you", basic construction, similar lexicon
-Language module (acquisition device)—one entity, we have a space on our brain
that is devoted to language, functions differently than other cognitive areas in the
brain
Modularity Theory (nature) (who made it) - ANSWER - fodor
-cognitive infrastructure of the brain is comprised of a series of highly specified
modules work independently but interconnected if one doesn't work it effects others
-innate capacity
-encapsulation
-across content, use, form
-brocas (function) and wernikes (comprehension)
-think of the wheels spinning together (distinct and separate from each other)
Bootstrapping (nature) (who made it)
one good example of how children use their current language skills to learn new
language skills - ANSWER - Gleitman, pinker, and wanner & Gleitman)
suck it up and do it yourself attitude
, Children use their knowledge about certain aspects of language to make inferences
about other aspects of language
use own skills to teach ourselves by using cues within language to help is
Example:
Use word order, where are my pencils, don't know pencils, know it is a noun based
on sentence structure (SYNTAX) learn a lot about a word based on where it is placed
in a sentences innate skill
phonetic bootstrapping, trying to say a words, opportunity to practice sounds based
on the production of a word, bootstrap phonological abilities
Social-interactionist (interactionist) (who made it) - ANSWER - Vygotsky
social interaction between a child and a more capable person is critical for language
acquisition
learn through scaffolding within a child's zone of proximal development
child acquire language by interacting with a person who is slightly above or beyond
their comprehension so they can accommodate and stay ahead of student
Transactional Theory (interactionist) (who made it)
describe how parents and children influence each other over time and how this
relates to language development - ANSWER - Sameroff
A continuous dynamic interaction between a child and the people in his/her life over
time
Complete Solutions
Scientific Theory - ANSWER - -educated guess
-right over and over again
-observations + data=facts=lots of facts=theory
-belief but with FACTS
infant directed speech def - ANSWER - When adults talk differently to infants than
they do to older children. Includes paralinguistics, syntactic, and discourse features.
some theories are better than others - ANSWER - The evidence that backs it up,
research data for a long time a lot of studies that this theory holds true like stacking
blocks and a big foundation and one that has a lot of holes, more like a house of
cards can tumble down
AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS IT
Behaviorism (nurture) (who made it)
how language is shaped
why are consequences so important - ANSWER - skinner
-Operant conditioning
-shape behavior through consequences in behaviors and reactions to their
behaviors that shape future behavior
-Children "learn" language as adults reinforce their vocalizations
consequences:
-punishment: weaken behavior
-Reinforce-strengthen behavior
,universal grammar (nature) (who made it) - ANSWER - chomsky
-Across the world there are similarities in language—fundamental characteristics
Nouns verbs adjectives, "me" and "you", basic construction, similar lexicon
-Language module (acquisition device)—one entity, we have a space on our brain
that is devoted to language, functions differently than other cognitive areas in the
brain
Modularity Theory (nature) (who made it) - ANSWER - fodor
-cognitive infrastructure of the brain is comprised of a series of highly specified
modules work independently but interconnected if one doesn't work it effects others
-innate capacity
-encapsulation
-across content, use, form
-brocas (function) and wernikes (comprehension)
-think of the wheels spinning together (distinct and separate from each other)
Bootstrapping (nature) (who made it)
one good example of how children use their current language skills to learn new
language skills - ANSWER - Gleitman, pinker, and wanner & Gleitman)
suck it up and do it yourself attitude
, Children use their knowledge about certain aspects of language to make inferences
about other aspects of language
use own skills to teach ourselves by using cues within language to help is
Example:
Use word order, where are my pencils, don't know pencils, know it is a noun based
on sentence structure (SYNTAX) learn a lot about a word based on where it is placed
in a sentences innate skill
phonetic bootstrapping, trying to say a words, opportunity to practice sounds based
on the production of a word, bootstrap phonological abilities
Social-interactionist (interactionist) (who made it) - ANSWER - Vygotsky
social interaction between a child and a more capable person is critical for language
acquisition
learn through scaffolding within a child's zone of proximal development
child acquire language by interacting with a person who is slightly above or beyond
their comprehension so they can accommodate and stay ahead of student
Transactional Theory (interactionist) (who made it)
describe how parents and children influence each other over time and how this
relates to language development - ANSWER - Sameroff
A continuous dynamic interaction between a child and the people in his/her life over
time
