NURS 3304 PATHO EXAM 4 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Kidney Functions - ANSWER removal of metabolic wastes
maintenance of blood pressure through the influence of:
•RAAS
•atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
•aldosterone
activation of vitamin D
What do the kidneys regulate? - ANSWER acid-base balance
fluid & electrolyte balance
erythropoiesis
RAAS & aldosterone make blood pressure go ____________ - ANSWER up
Atrial natriuretic peptide makes blood pressure go ________________ - ANSWER
down
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - ANSWER how much blood passes through
the glomeruli each minute.
Tests of Renal Function: Urine Analysis - ANSWER Can be clear yellow or
amber
Normal pH is 4.6-8.0
,Normal specific gravity is 1.001-1.035
Urinary specific gravity - ANSWER Measure of the concentration of solutes in
the urine. It measures the ratio of urine density compared with water density
and provides information on the kidney's ability to concentrate urine.
Tests of Renal Function: eGFR - ANSWER Serum creatinine used to calculate
level of kidney function
Urinary tract obstruction severity is based on: - ANSWER location
completeness
involvement of ureters
and/or kidneys
duration
cause
The most damaging effects of urinary tract obstruction: - ANSWER urine
stasis -> infection & stone formation
permanent kidney damage
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Hydronephrosis - ANSWER enlargement of
the renal pelvis and calyces
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Hydroureter - ANSWER dilation of ureter
accumulation of urine in the ureter
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Ureterohydronephrosis - ANSWER dilation
of both the ureter and the pelvicaliceal system
,Compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction due to upper urinary tract
obstruction - ANSWER body's response to unilateral obstruction
growth factors cause unobstructed kidney to increase in size and function
Clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction - ANSWER Depends on the site,
cause, and speed of development
nausea, vomiting, and oliguria are common
Urinary obstruction manifestations: slowly progressive obstructions that
cause hydronephrosis - ANSWER may have no symptoms
Urinary obstruction manifestations: obstruction of the urethra or bladder
outlet - ANSWER may cause pain, pressure, and distention of the bladder.
Urinary obstruction manifestations: obstruction begins quickly and distends
the bladder, ureter, and/or the kidney - ANSWER sudden pain
Urinary obstruction manifestations: narrowing of the ureteropelvic junction -
, ANSWER totally destroys the kidney but produces little pain
Renal calculi formation - ANSWER ↑ concentration of one or more stone
components (e.g. calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and
phosphate)
precipitation of a salt from liquid to solid state
growth into a stone via crystallization or accumulation
deficiency of stone inhibitors
Renal calculi manifestations - ANSWER Flank pain:
•renal colic- acute, intermittent, & excruciating
•noncolicky- dull, deep ache (mild to severe)
nausea, vomiting, dehydration
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - ANSWER Inflammation of the urinary
epithelium caused by bacteria
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Kidney Functions - ANSWER removal of metabolic wastes
maintenance of blood pressure through the influence of:
•RAAS
•atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
•aldosterone
activation of vitamin D
What do the kidneys regulate? - ANSWER acid-base balance
fluid & electrolyte balance
erythropoiesis
RAAS & aldosterone make blood pressure go ____________ - ANSWER up
Atrial natriuretic peptide makes blood pressure go ________________ - ANSWER
down
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - ANSWER how much blood passes through
the glomeruli each minute.
Tests of Renal Function: Urine Analysis - ANSWER Can be clear yellow or
amber
Normal pH is 4.6-8.0
,Normal specific gravity is 1.001-1.035
Urinary specific gravity - ANSWER Measure of the concentration of solutes in
the urine. It measures the ratio of urine density compared with water density
and provides information on the kidney's ability to concentrate urine.
Tests of Renal Function: eGFR - ANSWER Serum creatinine used to calculate
level of kidney function
Urinary tract obstruction severity is based on: - ANSWER location
completeness
involvement of ureters
and/or kidneys
duration
cause
The most damaging effects of urinary tract obstruction: - ANSWER urine
stasis -> infection & stone formation
permanent kidney damage
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Hydronephrosis - ANSWER enlargement of
the renal pelvis and calyces
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Hydroureter - ANSWER dilation of ureter
accumulation of urine in the ureter
Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Ureterohydronephrosis - ANSWER dilation
of both the ureter and the pelvicaliceal system
,Compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction due to upper urinary tract
obstruction - ANSWER body's response to unilateral obstruction
growth factors cause unobstructed kidney to increase in size and function
Clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction - ANSWER Depends on the site,
cause, and speed of development
nausea, vomiting, and oliguria are common
Urinary obstruction manifestations: slowly progressive obstructions that
cause hydronephrosis - ANSWER may have no symptoms
Urinary obstruction manifestations: obstruction of the urethra or bladder
outlet - ANSWER may cause pain, pressure, and distention of the bladder.
Urinary obstruction manifestations: obstruction begins quickly and distends
the bladder, ureter, and/or the kidney - ANSWER sudden pain
Urinary obstruction manifestations: narrowing of the ureteropelvic junction -
, ANSWER totally destroys the kidney but produces little pain
Renal calculi formation - ANSWER ↑ concentration of one or more stone
components (e.g. calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and
phosphate)
precipitation of a salt from liquid to solid state
growth into a stone via crystallization or accumulation
deficiency of stone inhibitors
Renal calculi manifestations - ANSWER Flank pain:
•renal colic- acute, intermittent, & excruciating
•noncolicky- dull, deep ache (mild to severe)
nausea, vomiting, dehydration
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - ANSWER Inflammation of the urinary
epithelium caused by bacteria
