NUR2474 Pharm Final Exam Questions
and Complete Solutions Graded A+
Half-life (t1/2) - Answer: time it takes for ½ of the drug concentration to be eliminated (affected by
metabolism and elimination)
Class: Traditional anti-epileptics: Hydantoins
Examples: Phenytoin - Answer: Treats: Seizures
Side Effects: dysrhythmias, hypotension, dizziness, hyperglycemia, drowsy, birth defects, gingival
hyperplasia
Considerations: mix with saline only, irritating to vein, can cause birth defects (class D), can interfere
with some hormonal types of birth control, narrow therapeutic range
Nursing Implications: get up slowly, fall precautions, do not use in pregnancy,
**GOOD ORAL CARE IS IMPORTANT (brushing and flossing), blood levels important
Interactions: gingko may decrease effectiveness
Beta 2 agonist - Answer: •Fight or Flight
•**OPENS AIRWAYS, Increase heart rate, increase BP, urinary retention, constipation
•Rescue Inhaler! USE FIRST!
•
•Ex: Albuterol ***short-acting
•Ex: Salmeterol ***long-acting (Serevent)
leukotrienes - Answer: •Take at night
•Empty stomach
•**PREVENTATIVE MEDICATION
•Ex: montelukast, zafirlukast
(Singulair)
,Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
Ex: Omeprazole ends in "prazole" - Answer: Action: blocks acid production and reduces acid secretion
Treats: ulcers, esophagitis, GERD
Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia
Considerations: use with caution in liver disease and children, increases risk of pneumonia, can take 1-2
weeks to become effective
Nursing: do not crush,
**ONCE A DAY PRIOR TO AM MEAL, avoid ETOH, avoid NSAIDs, notify PCP if more than 14 days
treatment
Methylxanthines (Theophylline) - Answer: •Last resort
•**INCREASES HEART RATE!!
•Avoid caffeine (chocolate, cola, coffee, etc)
•NO smoking!!!
•Ex: theophylline (stimulant)
Steroids: "sone" - Answer: (side effects are dependent on dose and duration)
Steroids - Answer: •Immunosuppression - **report low-grade fever (temp 100 F) report to the physician
•Increased risk of infection - teach prevention
•**Delayed wound healing
•Osteoporosis with fractures
•Stunting of growth in children
•Hyperglycemia
•Gastric/esophageal irritation, ulcers, bleeding
- **avoid concurrent NSAIDs, ASA, take on a full stomach, **may need a gastric acid suppressor
•Increased appetite, weight gain
, •CNS effects: insomnia, euphoria - **take in AM, regularly, avoid caffeine
•easy bruising, increased bleeding -
•Hypertension
•Tachycardia
•Moon face
•**MUST TAPER STEROIDS!!!
Steroidsend in SONE - Answer: •Reduce inflammation
•Lowers immune system- WASH HANDS
•Increases blood sugar
•Causes swelling/edema
•**Increase risk of bleeding/bruising
•**Taper off this medication
Steroids: prednisone, fluticasone, beclomethasone - Answer: •Preventive medication
•TAPER
•Lowers immune system, increases blood glucose, insomnia, weight gain, etc.
•**Rinse mouth after steroid inhalers
•Ex: prednisone, fluticasone, beclomethasone
(Medrol dose pack)
Loop Diuretic "ide" - Answer: Most potent -
Higher risk for dehydration and **hypokalemia
Examples - furosemide (Lasix),
torsemide
bumetanide (Bumex)
and Complete Solutions Graded A+
Half-life (t1/2) - Answer: time it takes for ½ of the drug concentration to be eliminated (affected by
metabolism and elimination)
Class: Traditional anti-epileptics: Hydantoins
Examples: Phenytoin - Answer: Treats: Seizures
Side Effects: dysrhythmias, hypotension, dizziness, hyperglycemia, drowsy, birth defects, gingival
hyperplasia
Considerations: mix with saline only, irritating to vein, can cause birth defects (class D), can interfere
with some hormonal types of birth control, narrow therapeutic range
Nursing Implications: get up slowly, fall precautions, do not use in pregnancy,
**GOOD ORAL CARE IS IMPORTANT (brushing and flossing), blood levels important
Interactions: gingko may decrease effectiveness
Beta 2 agonist - Answer: •Fight or Flight
•**OPENS AIRWAYS, Increase heart rate, increase BP, urinary retention, constipation
•Rescue Inhaler! USE FIRST!
•
•Ex: Albuterol ***short-acting
•Ex: Salmeterol ***long-acting (Serevent)
leukotrienes - Answer: •Take at night
•Empty stomach
•**PREVENTATIVE MEDICATION
•Ex: montelukast, zafirlukast
(Singulair)
,Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
Ex: Omeprazole ends in "prazole" - Answer: Action: blocks acid production and reduces acid secretion
Treats: ulcers, esophagitis, GERD
Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia
Considerations: use with caution in liver disease and children, increases risk of pneumonia, can take 1-2
weeks to become effective
Nursing: do not crush,
**ONCE A DAY PRIOR TO AM MEAL, avoid ETOH, avoid NSAIDs, notify PCP if more than 14 days
treatment
Methylxanthines (Theophylline) - Answer: •Last resort
•**INCREASES HEART RATE!!
•Avoid caffeine (chocolate, cola, coffee, etc)
•NO smoking!!!
•Ex: theophylline (stimulant)
Steroids: "sone" - Answer: (side effects are dependent on dose and duration)
Steroids - Answer: •Immunosuppression - **report low-grade fever (temp 100 F) report to the physician
•Increased risk of infection - teach prevention
•**Delayed wound healing
•Osteoporosis with fractures
•Stunting of growth in children
•Hyperglycemia
•Gastric/esophageal irritation, ulcers, bleeding
- **avoid concurrent NSAIDs, ASA, take on a full stomach, **may need a gastric acid suppressor
•Increased appetite, weight gain
, •CNS effects: insomnia, euphoria - **take in AM, regularly, avoid caffeine
•easy bruising, increased bleeding -
•Hypertension
•Tachycardia
•Moon face
•**MUST TAPER STEROIDS!!!
Steroidsend in SONE - Answer: •Reduce inflammation
•Lowers immune system- WASH HANDS
•Increases blood sugar
•Causes swelling/edema
•**Increase risk of bleeding/bruising
•**Taper off this medication
Steroids: prednisone, fluticasone, beclomethasone - Answer: •Preventive medication
•TAPER
•Lowers immune system, increases blood glucose, insomnia, weight gain, etc.
•**Rinse mouth after steroid inhalers
•Ex: prednisone, fluticasone, beclomethasone
(Medrol dose pack)
Loop Diuretic "ide" - Answer: Most potent -
Higher risk for dehydration and **hypokalemia
Examples - furosemide (Lasix),
torsemide
bumetanide (Bumex)
