Introduction to Philosophy: Straighterline.com Final Practice questions for this set Terms in this set (150) Introduction to Philosophy: Straighterline.com Final Philosophical steps for problem solving Define the problem Define the circumstances surr

Introduction to Philosophy: S Final Practice questions for this set Terms in this set (150) Introduction to Philosophy: S Final Philosophical steps for problem solving Define the problem Define the circumstances surrounding it Use logic, argument, the Socratic method, & opponents fallacies as tools Epistemology The theory, questions, or study of knowledge Metaphysics the branch of philosophy most interested in the question of reality and existence; can be the most controversial and abstract field of philosophy. Axiology the study of value Ethics one of the fields of Axiology; looks at what is right and wrong, moral character, and virtue. Aesthetics deals with the artistic value or the value of self-expression. Philosophy can be thought of as the grandfather of all the other academic disciplines Philosphy's areas of inquiry Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Logic Logic refers to both an area of philosophical inquiry and a tool used to pursue knowledge, identity valid and invalid arguments, and come to reasonable conclusions. A standard epistemology question How do we know what we know? The most active field of Philosphy Ethics The most popular branch of Ethics Political Philosophy There has been an increased interest in feminist philosphy since The Feminist Movement of the 1960s A allegorical philosopher (mental) Engineer Illogical the conclusion is not supported by the premise of the argument Argument outlining your propositions and conclusions clearly while offering solid evidence to support them, not only personal opinions. Rhetoric the presentation and speaking style of an argument, no sub for logical reasoning. Socratic Method Obtaining knowledge through asking questions repeatedly to get a sharpened and fine-tuned answer while also acknowledging that we know nothing. Socrates philosopher and teacher that lived in Athens from 470 BC to 399 BC, developed the Socratic Method, inspired Plato and Aristotle. Circular Reasoning A fallacy in an argument, aka begging the question, finds a conclusion based upon an assumption that is basically the same thing as the conclusion. The Black or White Fallacy AKA False Dilemma or "either- or fallacy"; assumed that answers to questions must be one conclusion or its total opposite. The Red Herring when someone tries to distract from the main point in an argument and avoid attacking the actual argument itself; occurs often in the media. Argumentum ad hominem "argument against the person"; repudiating philosophical arguments based on the personal character or credentials of the person making the argument. Straw Man misrepresenting the views of another philosopher Giving & rebutting arguments the most basic philosophical activity Counterarugments Challenges or criticisms to your argument that calls for you to defend your argument. Basics of philosphizing the ability to reason correctly, defend assumptions, and to anticipate and rebut rebuttals. one of the most common methods to establish something in Philosophy; to try to make Introduction to Philosophy: S Final Reductio ad Absurdum a way for philosophers to establish a thesis by demonstrating that the contradictory of a theses is or leads to an absurdity St. Anselm's ontological proof that God exists the most famous Reductio ad absurdum in the history of philosophy Fallacy a mistake in reasoning Switching the burden of proof a fallacy that has you proving your position by having your opponent disprove it; ex: you don't prove God exists by challenging a listener to prove God doesn't exist. Begging the question when you assume the very thing you are trying to prove, which means your "proof" doesn't go anywhere. Ex: God doesn't exist because the bible says he does and the bible is the word of God, you have to prove his existence. Appeal to emotion A fallacy in trying to establish a point by evoking an emotion in the listener. 2 Basic questions of metaphysics What is being? and What are its fundamental features and properties? Basic questions of Epistemology What is the nature of knowledge and what are its criteria, sources, and limits? Epistemology the branch that explores the sources, nature, limits, and criteria of knowledge. Metaphysics term orgins a collection of written subjects by Plato, first called "the books adter the books on nature" but later renamed "Metaphysics" since they dealt with more abstract ideas difficult to understand. pre-Socratic philosophers lived in Ionia on the coast of Asia Minor during the 6th century. Lived before Socrates. Thought of as the 1st western philosophers. Thales Considered to be the 1st western philosopher. citizen of Miletus in Ionian Greece. One of the first philosophical Q&A Thales philosophied that the basic substance to all things is water. Who is a philosopher, in the original sense of the world? A lover and pursuer of wisdom, regardless of the subject matter. Anaximander a pupil of Thales who pushed deeper into the thought of what basic substance the world comes from. His answer was a basic substance- ageless, boundless, and indeterminate. The 3 Great Milesian Philosphers Anaximenes, Anaximander, & Thales Anaximenes pronounced the basic substane to be air. Pythagoras Crotona philosopher living 580c- 500 BCE, maintained that things are numbers. Pythagoras philosophy All things do not come be from a number, rather in accordance with a number. Things are things- one thing ends and another thing begins- because they can be enumerated. Led to the Pythagorean Theorum- geometry. Heraclitus a pre-Socratic philosopher that determined "all is fire" in relation to what is at the center of reality and the world around us. Logos The cosmic order that, according to Heraclitus, determines changes. The idea that each thing contains its opposite through a harmonious union. Heraclitus famous remark and what idea does it raise? "You cannot step in the same river twice"; problem of identity Problem of identity sameness over change; a thing is never the same tomorrow as it is today so why do we count it as one thing and not two? Parmenides A younger contemporary of Heraclitus who sough to determine the most important feature of reality vs substance. Which of the following is a common myth Philosophical questions are simply semantic disputes in which no one opinion is any Introduction to Philosophy: S Final Which is a common characteristic of philosophical questions? They involve fundamental concepts that are unavoidable by the thoughtful person. Which is the branch of philosophy that studies issues concerning art and beauty? Aesthetics Which of the following branches of philosophy does not involve questions related to values? Metaphysics What fallacy is it when an argument attacks the person rather than the person's beliefs? Argumentum ad Hominem In philosophy, what is an argument? Giving reasons for a belief. What fallacy is it when an argument assumes only two options when in fact there are more? False Dilemma "I don't agree with Jones when she says we should wait for a trial, and I'll tell you why. I don't approve of letting someone get away with murder! That's why I say let's hang him now!" What fallacy does this most clearly illustrate? Straw man What must be the case for an argument to succeed with a rational person? The premises must be acceptable and they must logically support the conclusion. What did the Atomists do? They distinguished between atomic properties and relational properties. Which is a theme common to all the pre- Socratics? The experienced world is a manifestation of a more fundamental underlying reality. What did Anaxagoras do? He introduced the mattermind distinction to philosophy. What is reality according to a follower of Parmenides? One and unchanging What does the branch of philosophy called epistemology study? Knowledge What does the branch of philosophy called metaphysics study? Being According to Theano, what did Pythagoras claim? Everything is in accordance with number. What are Thales, Anaximenes and Anaximander collectively known as? The Milesians What is the cause of change for Empedocles? Love and strife. What was the essence of reality for Heraclitus? Change What do Pyrrhonic skeptics maintain? People should suspend judgment about all things. St. Augustine rejected this Neoplatonic claim. The highest reality is the One, an impersonal, indefinable, and indescribable god. Which view of Aristotle's did Aquinas disagree with? The essence of a thing is the same as its existence. Introduction to Philosophy: S Final What did Aquinas maintain concerning the human soul? It is a direct creation of God. Which view did Aquinas accept? A physical thing is matter plus form. A physical thing is matter plus form. What did Hypatia think about the study of mathematics and astronomy? They were part of a way of life and a means of testing the implications of Platonic and Neoplatonic metaphysics and epistemology. Which claim did Descartes use to establish the certainty of his own existence? I think, therefore I am. What did John Locke believe about perception? Knowledge of the external world is based on the fact that some of the ideas we get through sense impressions represent the way things actually are in the external world. Anne Conway advocated what sort of metaphysics? Monadology The Mind-Body problem If the mind is immaterial and the body is material, what is the nature of casual interaction? Which statement would Thomas Hobbes have accepted? All psychological states derive ultimately from perception. What did George Berkeley mean about such things as tables and chairs when he denied the existence of matter? There are no unperceived tables and chairs. What was Berkeley's explanation for the fact that things like rocks and trees seem to continue to exist even when humans don't perceive them? God always perceives them. What is the self, according to Hume? A sequence of perceptions. What do we directly observe, according to David Hume? Sense impressions Sophists philosophers who perfected the art of oratory; taught students how to win arguments and known as being cunning and tricky What does Kant mean by the noumenal world? The world as it really is, independently of our experiences of it. Why can't past experience justify claims about the future, according to Hume? We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past. What is the highest reality (the Absolute), for Hegel? Infinite thought thinking itself. Theory of Forms Plato's theory that what we experience or see in our world is just a representation of a higher ideal. Allegory of the cave Used by Plato to explain his Theory of Forms; sensory experiences are like living in a cave with shadows. We think the shadows are real but they are really created by someone behind them. According to Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between being real and being knowable? All reality is knowable. Aristotle Focused more on the material world vs Platos higher reality. Why doesn't Kant think that we can have knowledge of the things-in-themselves (das Because the organizing principles of the mind do not apply to them. Introduction to Philosophy: S Final Empiricism Believe in no priori knowledge, ex: an infant has no knowledge, all knowledge comes first from the senses John Locke An empiricists; founded British empiricism Which argument did St. Augustine use to refute total Academic skepticism? When we are in doubt we can at least know that we exist as a doubter.