TEST BANK For Microbiology Fundamentals A Clinical
Approach, 4th Edition (Cowan, 2022), | Verified Chapters 1 -
22 Updated, Complete Newest Version
Which of these is considered to be the smallest unit of life?
a) the nucleus
b) the mitochondrion
c) a plasmid
d) the cell
e) a prion - ANSWER:d) The smallest unit of life is *the cell*.
The study of microbiology includes all of the following EXCEPT _____ .
a) plants
b) viruses
c) bacteria
d) fungi
e) algae - ANSWER:a) The study of microbiology includes all of the following EXCEPT
*plants*.
What percent of the dry weight of the cell is composed of DNA?
a) 2 - 5
b) 12 -15
c) 25 - 30
d) 35 -40
e) 50 - 55 - ANSWER:a) *2-5* % of the dry weight of the cell is composed of DNA
What are the three Domains of life?
a) Monera, Animals, and Plants
b) Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
c) Prokaryote, Eukaryote, and Fungi
d) Animals, Plants, and Bacteria
e) Prokaryote, Eukaryote, Archaea - ANSWER:b) *Bacteria, Achaea, and Eukarya* are
the three Domains of life.
Which of the characteristics of life is not displayed by any individual organism?
a) metabolism
b) growth
c) reproduction
d) evolution
e) response
,f) homeostasis - ANSWER:d) *Evolution* is NOT a characteristic of life displayed by
any individual organism.
Viruses are considered "nonliving" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they:
a) need a host cell for replication.
b) are metabolically inert.
c) possess DNA that can evolve.
d) do not maintain internal homeostasis.
e) are not responsive to environmental changes. - ANSWER:c) Viruses are considered
"nonliving" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they *possess DNA that can
evolve*.
Which is a macromolecular difference between the Domains Bacteria and Archaea?
a) Archaea contain a nucleus and Bacteria do not.
b) Bacteria contain DNA and Archaea do not.
c) Bacteria contain a plasma membrane and Archaea do not.
d) Bacteria cell wall contains peptidoglycan and the Archaea cell wall does not.
e) Archaea contain multiple types of RNA polymerase and Bacteria has only one
type. - ANSWER:d) A macrobolecular difference between the Domains Bacteria and
Archaea is that *Bacteria cell wall contains peptidoglycan and the Archaea cell wall
does not*.
The size and shapes of Archaean cells suggest relatedness to:
a) Bacteria
b) Prokaryotes
c) Eukaryotes
d) All other life forms
e) No other life forms; their sizes and shapes are unique - ANSWER:a) the size and
shapes of Archaean cells suggest relatedness to *Bacteria*
Phosholipid structure in Archaean cells suggests relatedness to:
a) Bacteria
b) Prokaryotes
c) Eukaryotes
d) All other life forms
e) No other life forms; their structure is unique - ANSWER:e) Phospholipid structure
in Archaean cells suggests relatedness to *no other life forms; their structure is
unique*
Which molecular tool most assisted in providing a more reliable way to verify the
assertions made by Woese et al in their 1990 paper on phylogeny?
a) Polymerase chain reaction
,b) RNA to DNA conversion using reverse transcriptase
c) RNA sequencing
d) DNA sequencing
e) Protein sequencing - ANSWER:a) *Polymerase chain reaction* was the molecular
tool used to provide a more reliable way to verify the assertions made by Woese et
al in their 1990 paper on phylogeny
If E. coli DNA polymerase, not Taq polymerase were used in polymerase chain
reaction assays to amplify SSUrRNA gene sequences, we would expect to see:
a) increased short fragment DNA sequences
b) decreased short fragment DNA sequences
c) the same number of short fragment DNA sequences
d) increasd long fragment DNA sequences
e) decreased long fragment DNA sequences - ANSWER:b) if E. coli DNA polymerase
were used in polymerase chain traction assays to amplify SSUrRNA gene sequences,
we would expect to see *decreased short fragment DNA sequences*.
Figure B1.1 (other side of card) represents an artist's attempt to illustrate the
process of PCR. What is the most significant error you notice in this figure?
a) DNA strands are not fully denatured
b) Primers are not annealed
c) PCR products cannot separate from template DNA
d) Taq polymerase is not shown in the illustration
e) dNTPs are not shown in the illustration - ANSWER:a) *DNA strands are not fully
denatured*
Select the answer choice with the correct order in which these structures evolved in
plant cells:
a) mitochondria, cell walls, chloroplasts
b) mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell walls
c) chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell walls
d) chloroplasts, cell walls, mitochondria
e) cell walls, mitochondria, chloroplasts - ANSWER:b) The correct order in which
structures evolved in plant cells is: *mitrochondria -> chloroplats -> cell walls*
Approximately when did primitive cells first appear on Earth?
a) 1 billion years ago
b) 2 billion years ago
c) 2.5 billion years ago
d) 3 billion years ago
e) 3.8 billion years ago - ANSWER:e) primitive cells first appeared on Earth *3.8
billion years ago*
, Which of these are fossilized microbial mats containing photosynthetic bacteria?
a) Stromatolites
b) Biofilms
c) Resin
d) Cyanobacteria
e) Stalagmites - ANSWER:a) *stromatolites* are fossilized microbial mats containing
photosynthetic bacteria
Which statement below is FALSE concerning the atmosphere of early earth?
a) The atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere.
b) Oxygen was present in very minute amounts.
c) Carbon dioxide was present in very minute amounts.
d) Hydrogen gas was present. - ANSWER:c) The atmosphere of early earth contained
*carbon dioxide present in high concentration, not very minute amounts*
The discovery of ribozymes provides evidence that life on the early Earth may have
been based on:
a) DNA.
b) proteins.
c) RNA.
d) lipids.
e) polysaccharides. - ANSWER:c) the discovery of ribozymes provides evidence that
life on the early Earch may have been based on *RNA*
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory is used to explain?
a) the rapid evolution of viruses
b) antiphagocytic abilities of parasitic protozoa
c) emergence of cell walls
d) presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes
e) development of the nucleus in eukaryotes - ANSWER:d) the Endosymbiotic Theory
is used to explain *presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes*
You are a scientific illustrator working on this figure (back of card) Your primary
intention when revising this figure is to emphasize the concept of semi-conservative
replication. What color changes would you make to the figure to enhance
comprehension?
a) make all DNA strands blue in the figure
b) make the dsDNA a blue-green hybrid and each newly synthesized strand of the
color that makes the new dsDNA blue-green hybrid in appearance too
c) change all DNA strands to be different colors
d) do not make any changes, semi-conservative replication is clearly conceptualized
Approach, 4th Edition (Cowan, 2022), | Verified Chapters 1 -
22 Updated, Complete Newest Version
Which of these is considered to be the smallest unit of life?
a) the nucleus
b) the mitochondrion
c) a plasmid
d) the cell
e) a prion - ANSWER:d) The smallest unit of life is *the cell*.
The study of microbiology includes all of the following EXCEPT _____ .
a) plants
b) viruses
c) bacteria
d) fungi
e) algae - ANSWER:a) The study of microbiology includes all of the following EXCEPT
*plants*.
What percent of the dry weight of the cell is composed of DNA?
a) 2 - 5
b) 12 -15
c) 25 - 30
d) 35 -40
e) 50 - 55 - ANSWER:a) *2-5* % of the dry weight of the cell is composed of DNA
What are the three Domains of life?
a) Monera, Animals, and Plants
b) Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
c) Prokaryote, Eukaryote, and Fungi
d) Animals, Plants, and Bacteria
e) Prokaryote, Eukaryote, Archaea - ANSWER:b) *Bacteria, Achaea, and Eukarya* are
the three Domains of life.
Which of the characteristics of life is not displayed by any individual organism?
a) metabolism
b) growth
c) reproduction
d) evolution
e) response
,f) homeostasis - ANSWER:d) *Evolution* is NOT a characteristic of life displayed by
any individual organism.
Viruses are considered "nonliving" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they:
a) need a host cell for replication.
b) are metabolically inert.
c) possess DNA that can evolve.
d) do not maintain internal homeostasis.
e) are not responsive to environmental changes. - ANSWER:c) Viruses are considered
"nonliving" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they *possess DNA that can
evolve*.
Which is a macromolecular difference between the Domains Bacteria and Archaea?
a) Archaea contain a nucleus and Bacteria do not.
b) Bacteria contain DNA and Archaea do not.
c) Bacteria contain a plasma membrane and Archaea do not.
d) Bacteria cell wall contains peptidoglycan and the Archaea cell wall does not.
e) Archaea contain multiple types of RNA polymerase and Bacteria has only one
type. - ANSWER:d) A macrobolecular difference between the Domains Bacteria and
Archaea is that *Bacteria cell wall contains peptidoglycan and the Archaea cell wall
does not*.
The size and shapes of Archaean cells suggest relatedness to:
a) Bacteria
b) Prokaryotes
c) Eukaryotes
d) All other life forms
e) No other life forms; their sizes and shapes are unique - ANSWER:a) the size and
shapes of Archaean cells suggest relatedness to *Bacteria*
Phosholipid structure in Archaean cells suggests relatedness to:
a) Bacteria
b) Prokaryotes
c) Eukaryotes
d) All other life forms
e) No other life forms; their structure is unique - ANSWER:e) Phospholipid structure
in Archaean cells suggests relatedness to *no other life forms; their structure is
unique*
Which molecular tool most assisted in providing a more reliable way to verify the
assertions made by Woese et al in their 1990 paper on phylogeny?
a) Polymerase chain reaction
,b) RNA to DNA conversion using reverse transcriptase
c) RNA sequencing
d) DNA sequencing
e) Protein sequencing - ANSWER:a) *Polymerase chain reaction* was the molecular
tool used to provide a more reliable way to verify the assertions made by Woese et
al in their 1990 paper on phylogeny
If E. coli DNA polymerase, not Taq polymerase were used in polymerase chain
reaction assays to amplify SSUrRNA gene sequences, we would expect to see:
a) increased short fragment DNA sequences
b) decreased short fragment DNA sequences
c) the same number of short fragment DNA sequences
d) increasd long fragment DNA sequences
e) decreased long fragment DNA sequences - ANSWER:b) if E. coli DNA polymerase
were used in polymerase chain traction assays to amplify SSUrRNA gene sequences,
we would expect to see *decreased short fragment DNA sequences*.
Figure B1.1 (other side of card) represents an artist's attempt to illustrate the
process of PCR. What is the most significant error you notice in this figure?
a) DNA strands are not fully denatured
b) Primers are not annealed
c) PCR products cannot separate from template DNA
d) Taq polymerase is not shown in the illustration
e) dNTPs are not shown in the illustration - ANSWER:a) *DNA strands are not fully
denatured*
Select the answer choice with the correct order in which these structures evolved in
plant cells:
a) mitochondria, cell walls, chloroplasts
b) mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell walls
c) chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell walls
d) chloroplasts, cell walls, mitochondria
e) cell walls, mitochondria, chloroplasts - ANSWER:b) The correct order in which
structures evolved in plant cells is: *mitrochondria -> chloroplats -> cell walls*
Approximately when did primitive cells first appear on Earth?
a) 1 billion years ago
b) 2 billion years ago
c) 2.5 billion years ago
d) 3 billion years ago
e) 3.8 billion years ago - ANSWER:e) primitive cells first appeared on Earth *3.8
billion years ago*
, Which of these are fossilized microbial mats containing photosynthetic bacteria?
a) Stromatolites
b) Biofilms
c) Resin
d) Cyanobacteria
e) Stalagmites - ANSWER:a) *stromatolites* are fossilized microbial mats containing
photosynthetic bacteria
Which statement below is FALSE concerning the atmosphere of early earth?
a) The atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere.
b) Oxygen was present in very minute amounts.
c) Carbon dioxide was present in very minute amounts.
d) Hydrogen gas was present. - ANSWER:c) The atmosphere of early earth contained
*carbon dioxide present in high concentration, not very minute amounts*
The discovery of ribozymes provides evidence that life on the early Earth may have
been based on:
a) DNA.
b) proteins.
c) RNA.
d) lipids.
e) polysaccharides. - ANSWER:c) the discovery of ribozymes provides evidence that
life on the early Earch may have been based on *RNA*
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory is used to explain?
a) the rapid evolution of viruses
b) antiphagocytic abilities of parasitic protozoa
c) emergence of cell walls
d) presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes
e) development of the nucleus in eukaryotes - ANSWER:d) the Endosymbiotic Theory
is used to explain *presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes*
You are a scientific illustrator working on this figure (back of card) Your primary
intention when revising this figure is to emphasize the concept of semi-conservative
replication. What color changes would you make to the figure to enhance
comprehension?
a) make all DNA strands blue in the figure
b) make the dsDNA a blue-green hybrid and each newly synthesized strand of the
color that makes the new dsDNA blue-green hybrid in appearance too
c) change all DNA strands to be different colors
d) do not make any changes, semi-conservative replication is clearly conceptualized
