Organic Chemistry 6th Edition TEST BANK, ISBN:
9781260119107: Smith, Janice, All 29 Chapters Covered,
Verified Latest Edition
Elements in the same period of the periodic table are similar in ___________. -
ANSWER:size
Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar _______________ and
_______________ properties. - ANSWER:chemical, electrical
An s-orbital is ______________ in energy than other orbitals of the same shell, due
to e- density remaining closer to the nucleus. - ANSWER:lower
A p-orbital contains a __________ of e- density at the nucleus and is also
_____________ in energy than an s-orbital (in the same shell), due to e- density
residing farther away from the nucleus. - ANSWER:node, higher
Bonding is a favorable process because it always leads to ______________ energy
and ________________ stability between two or more elements. -
ANSWER:lowered, increased
A ______________ may have either ionic or covalent bonds. - ANSWER:compound
A _______________ has only covalent bonds. - ANSWER:molecule
_____________ are different molecules; same molecular formula but different in
connectivity. - ANSWER:Isomers
-constitutional isomers same molecular formula differ in connectivity; stereoisomers
same molecular formula differ in spatial arrangement
Exception to the octet rule: Elements in groups 2A and 3A, such as ___________ and
__________, do not have enough valence e- to form an octet in a neutral molecule;
thus, they can each have __________ than eight e- around them. -
ANSWER:beryllium, boron, less than eight e- around them
-ex.) BeH2, BF3
A second exception to the octet rule occurs with some elements located in the third
row and later in the periodic table; empty _____ -orbitals available to accept e-;
thus, they may have _________ than eight e- around them. _____________ and
_____________ are common elements in this category. - ANSWER:d-orbitals, more
than eight e- around them, phosphorus and sulfur
, __________________ structures are two Lewis structures having the same
placement of atoms but a different arrangement of e- (same connectivity, but differ
in position of e-). - ANSWER:Resonance structures
The composite of two or more resonance forms is called a resonance _________ and
represents the true structure of a molecule. - ANSWER:resonance hybrid
Resonance allows certain e- pairs to be _______________ over two or more atoms
and this adds _____________ to the molecule. - ANSWER:delocalized, stability
-delocalization of e- density adds stability
A molecule with two or more resonance structures is said to be _____________
________________. - ANSWER:resonance stabilized
Are resonance structures real? - ANSWER:No
-an individual resonance structure does not accurately represent the structure of a
molecule or ion. Only the hybrid does.
Are resonance structures in equilibrium? - ANSWER:No
-there is no movement of e- from one form to another.
How are resonant structures different from isomers? - ANSWER:Isomers differ in the
arrangement of BOTH atoms and e-, whereas resonance structures only differ in the
arrangement of e-.
_____________ ___________ notation shows the movement of an e- pair; ends at
atom or bond. - ANSWER:Curved arrow notation
Resonance structures can have an atom with ____________ than 8 e-. -
ANSWER:fewer
-resonance structures can never have a second-row element with more than 8 e-.
Positively charged carbon atoms are called what? - ANSWER:carbocations
-unstable intermediates because they contain a carbon atom that is lacking a full
octet.
When two resonance structures are different, the hybrid looks more like the
____________ contributor. - ANSWER:major contributor
-the "better" resonance structure; all others are considered minor contributors.
9781260119107: Smith, Janice, All 29 Chapters Covered,
Verified Latest Edition
Elements in the same period of the periodic table are similar in ___________. -
ANSWER:size
Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar _______________ and
_______________ properties. - ANSWER:chemical, electrical
An s-orbital is ______________ in energy than other orbitals of the same shell, due
to e- density remaining closer to the nucleus. - ANSWER:lower
A p-orbital contains a __________ of e- density at the nucleus and is also
_____________ in energy than an s-orbital (in the same shell), due to e- density
residing farther away from the nucleus. - ANSWER:node, higher
Bonding is a favorable process because it always leads to ______________ energy
and ________________ stability between two or more elements. -
ANSWER:lowered, increased
A ______________ may have either ionic or covalent bonds. - ANSWER:compound
A _______________ has only covalent bonds. - ANSWER:molecule
_____________ are different molecules; same molecular formula but different in
connectivity. - ANSWER:Isomers
-constitutional isomers same molecular formula differ in connectivity; stereoisomers
same molecular formula differ in spatial arrangement
Exception to the octet rule: Elements in groups 2A and 3A, such as ___________ and
__________, do not have enough valence e- to form an octet in a neutral molecule;
thus, they can each have __________ than eight e- around them. -
ANSWER:beryllium, boron, less than eight e- around them
-ex.) BeH2, BF3
A second exception to the octet rule occurs with some elements located in the third
row and later in the periodic table; empty _____ -orbitals available to accept e-;
thus, they may have _________ than eight e- around them. _____________ and
_____________ are common elements in this category. - ANSWER:d-orbitals, more
than eight e- around them, phosphorus and sulfur
, __________________ structures are two Lewis structures having the same
placement of atoms but a different arrangement of e- (same connectivity, but differ
in position of e-). - ANSWER:Resonance structures
The composite of two or more resonance forms is called a resonance _________ and
represents the true structure of a molecule. - ANSWER:resonance hybrid
Resonance allows certain e- pairs to be _______________ over two or more atoms
and this adds _____________ to the molecule. - ANSWER:delocalized, stability
-delocalization of e- density adds stability
A molecule with two or more resonance structures is said to be _____________
________________. - ANSWER:resonance stabilized
Are resonance structures real? - ANSWER:No
-an individual resonance structure does not accurately represent the structure of a
molecule or ion. Only the hybrid does.
Are resonance structures in equilibrium? - ANSWER:No
-there is no movement of e- from one form to another.
How are resonant structures different from isomers? - ANSWER:Isomers differ in the
arrangement of BOTH atoms and e-, whereas resonance structures only differ in the
arrangement of e-.
_____________ ___________ notation shows the movement of an e- pair; ends at
atom or bond. - ANSWER:Curved arrow notation
Resonance structures can have an atom with ____________ than 8 e-. -
ANSWER:fewer
-resonance structures can never have a second-row element with more than 8 e-.
Positively charged carbon atoms are called what? - ANSWER:carbocations
-unstable intermediates because they contain a carbon atom that is lacking a full
octet.
When two resonance structures are different, the hybrid looks more like the
____________ contributor. - ANSWER:major contributor
-the "better" resonance structure; all others are considered minor contributors.
