NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM 2024-2025
Glomerulonephritis: The glomerular capillaries can capture blood-borne Ab and
Ag-Ab complexes.
- Primary causes include infection, medications, toxins, vascular diseases,
ischemia, immunological reactions, and free radicals. SECONDARY: Diabetes,
Heart Failure, HIV, and Lupus
Triggering event (infection): Ag-Ab complex formation and deposition in the
glomerulus, activation of the complement system and WBC infiltration, glomerular
damage and leakage, proteinuria/hematuria, oedema, increased creatinine,
azotemia, and oliguria.
OR
after glomerular injury and leakage- activation of the coagulation cascade and
fibrin deposition- decreased capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- oedema,
increased creatinine, azotemia, oliguria
S1 - ANSWER: Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
- Start of systole.
S2 - ANSWER: Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
- Systole ends.
Valvular stenosis occurs when the valve orifice constricts and narrows, restricting
forward blood flow and increasing the workload of the heart chamber proximal to
the sick valve. Intraventricular or atrial pressure rises in the chamber to overcome
resistance to flow through the valve. Increased pressure makes the myocardium
work harder, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy.
,Aortic stenosis - ANSWER: LV hypertrophy.
- Left heart failure
- pulmonary edema
- exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
Angina pectoris.
- Systolic murmur.
Mitral Stenosis - ANSWER: LA Hypertrophy
- Right ventricular failure.
- pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea.
- Respiratory infections.
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest ache.
- Diastolic murmur.
Stroke volume is the volume of blood evacuated from each bear during systole.
Cor Pulmonale - ANSWER Right ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac failure
caused by pulmonary hypertension.
, Cardiac output: ANSWER HR x SV
-Normal = 5Lpm.
Preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate
ANSWER: Preload is the volume inside the ventricle after diastole.
Determined by:
- The volume of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole.
- The volume of blood in the ventricle following systole.
Afterload is the resistance to the ejection of blood from the ventricle.
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
Contractility (ANSWER sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine secreted from the vagus nerve - inotrope.
Cytokines secreted during sepsis reduce contractility.
O2 levels below 50% decreased contractility.
Glomerulonephritis: The glomerular capillaries can capture blood-borne Ab and
Ag-Ab complexes.
- Primary causes include infection, medications, toxins, vascular diseases,
ischemia, immunological reactions, and free radicals. SECONDARY: Diabetes,
Heart Failure, HIV, and Lupus
Triggering event (infection): Ag-Ab complex formation and deposition in the
glomerulus, activation of the complement system and WBC infiltration, glomerular
damage and leakage, proteinuria/hematuria, oedema, increased creatinine,
azotemia, and oliguria.
OR
after glomerular injury and leakage- activation of the coagulation cascade and
fibrin deposition- decreased capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- oedema,
increased creatinine, azotemia, oliguria
S1 - ANSWER: Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
- Start of systole.
S2 - ANSWER: Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
- Systole ends.
Valvular stenosis occurs when the valve orifice constricts and narrows, restricting
forward blood flow and increasing the workload of the heart chamber proximal to
the sick valve. Intraventricular or atrial pressure rises in the chamber to overcome
resistance to flow through the valve. Increased pressure makes the myocardium
work harder, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy.
,Aortic stenosis - ANSWER: LV hypertrophy.
- Left heart failure
- pulmonary edema
- exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
Angina pectoris.
- Systolic murmur.
Mitral Stenosis - ANSWER: LA Hypertrophy
- Right ventricular failure.
- pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea.
- Respiratory infections.
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest ache.
- Diastolic murmur.
Stroke volume is the volume of blood evacuated from each bear during systole.
Cor Pulmonale - ANSWER Right ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac failure
caused by pulmonary hypertension.
, Cardiac output: ANSWER HR x SV
-Normal = 5Lpm.
Preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate
ANSWER: Preload is the volume inside the ventricle after diastole.
Determined by:
- The volume of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole.
- The volume of blood in the ventricle following systole.
Afterload is the resistance to the ejection of blood from the ventricle.
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
Contractility (ANSWER sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine secreted from the vagus nerve - inotrope.
Cytokines secreted during sepsis reduce contractility.
O2 levels below 50% decreased contractility.
