Chapter 2
Acids and Bases; Functional Groups
➔ The same functional gruop will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the
size of the milecule its part of
◆ Reactive part of the molecule
◆ Heteroatoms and pi bonds confer reactivity
● Hetero = any atom other than carbon or hydrogen
● Pi bonds
○ Easily broken
○ Make a molecule a bse and a nuceophile
➔ Aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons
◆ Aromatic = ring
➔ Hydrocarbons vs funcitonal gruops
◆ Ethane
● Generally unreactive bc no lone pairs and pi bonds
◆ Ethanol
● Functional group called hydroxy group
● Has lone pairs nad polar bonds = reactive
● Hydroxy group gives different properties than ethane
➔ Aromatic hydrocarbons
◆ Simplest = benzene
● Single ring + 3 pi bonds = a single funcitonal group
● When bonded to another group called phenyl group
➔ Functional groups containing carbonyl gruop
◆ Carbon attached to O by double bond
➔ Alcohols
◆ Primary alcohols = only attached to 1 carbon
◆ Secondary alcohols
● The carbon thats attached to teh gtoup is attached to 2 other carbons
➔ Ethers
◆ 2 alkyl groups bonded to O atom
➔ Amines
◆ Basically an N
, ◆ Aldehydes
● At least 1 H bonded to a carbonyl
◆ Ketone
● 2 alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl group
◆ Carboxylic acids
● -COOH
● Easily converted to carboxylic acid derivatives
○ Carbonyl group bonded to an electron-withdrawing element
◆ Nitrile
● Cyano group
◆ Amid
● N attached to carbonyl
◆ Phenol
● OH bonded to a benzene ring
➔ Molecular dipole moments
◆ Polar bonds and asymmetrical shape
◆ Lone pairs contribute to dipole moment
● Kill symmetry
➔ Molecular polarity affects solubility in water
◆ Like dissolves like
◆ Some molecules have both polar and nonpolar parts
● Ie. soap molecile
● Polar head and nonpolar tail
➔ Intermolecular forces
◆ Noncovalent interactions btw molecules
◆ Electrical in origin
◆ Mutual attraction of unlike charges
◆ Types
● Ion-ion
● Ion-dipole
● Hydrogen bonds
○ Hydrogen bond donor
◆ H attached to O, N, F
○ Hydrogen bond acceptor
◆ Lone pair of e- on another EN atom
◆ Gen O or N atom
● Dipole-dipole
○ Pos end one lines up w neg end of another
◆ More stable
Acids and Bases; Functional Groups
➔ The same functional gruop will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the
size of the milecule its part of
◆ Reactive part of the molecule
◆ Heteroatoms and pi bonds confer reactivity
● Hetero = any atom other than carbon or hydrogen
● Pi bonds
○ Easily broken
○ Make a molecule a bse and a nuceophile
➔ Aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons
◆ Aromatic = ring
➔ Hydrocarbons vs funcitonal gruops
◆ Ethane
● Generally unreactive bc no lone pairs and pi bonds
◆ Ethanol
● Functional group called hydroxy group
● Has lone pairs nad polar bonds = reactive
● Hydroxy group gives different properties than ethane
➔ Aromatic hydrocarbons
◆ Simplest = benzene
● Single ring + 3 pi bonds = a single funcitonal group
● When bonded to another group called phenyl group
➔ Functional groups containing carbonyl gruop
◆ Carbon attached to O by double bond
➔ Alcohols
◆ Primary alcohols = only attached to 1 carbon
◆ Secondary alcohols
● The carbon thats attached to teh gtoup is attached to 2 other carbons
➔ Ethers
◆ 2 alkyl groups bonded to O atom
➔ Amines
◆ Basically an N
, ◆ Aldehydes
● At least 1 H bonded to a carbonyl
◆ Ketone
● 2 alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl group
◆ Carboxylic acids
● -COOH
● Easily converted to carboxylic acid derivatives
○ Carbonyl group bonded to an electron-withdrawing element
◆ Nitrile
● Cyano group
◆ Amid
● N attached to carbonyl
◆ Phenol
● OH bonded to a benzene ring
➔ Molecular dipole moments
◆ Polar bonds and asymmetrical shape
◆ Lone pairs contribute to dipole moment
● Kill symmetry
➔ Molecular polarity affects solubility in water
◆ Like dissolves like
◆ Some molecules have both polar and nonpolar parts
● Ie. soap molecile
● Polar head and nonpolar tail
➔ Intermolecular forces
◆ Noncovalent interactions btw molecules
◆ Electrical in origin
◆ Mutual attraction of unlike charges
◆ Types
● Ion-ion
● Ion-dipole
● Hydrogen bonds
○ Hydrogen bond donor
◆ H attached to O, N, F
○ Hydrogen bond acceptor
◆ Lone pair of e- on another EN atom
◆ Gen O or N atom
● Dipole-dipole
○ Pos end one lines up w neg end of another
◆ More stable
