OSAT - School Counseling Exam Review |100% Correct Answers|

OSAT - School Counseling Exam Review |100% Correct Answers| 5 major stages of grief *Ans*shock/denial, anger, guilt, hopelessness/depression, acceptance. A person may be depressed if... *Ans*he/she feels sad or discouraged for a long period, lacks energy, has difficulty concentrating, continual things of death or suicide, withdraws from his or her social life, has no interest in sex, or has a major change in his or her eating/sleeping habits. Acute Stressors *Ans*Those that happen one time and are extremely intense. The death of a parent. Adlerian-based framework *Ans*Understanding self and others; development of empathy; ability to communicate; ability to cooperate; responsibility Alcoholism *Ans*A disease that is influenced by social, environmental, and genetic factors. It is a physiological state, not just weak will. Altruism (coping mechanism) *Ans*The act of converting a negative experience into a positive one. Autism *Ans*A disability that impacts social interactions as well as verbal and nonverbal communications. Baseline *Ans*Refers to data gathered at the onset of evaluation, to define a starting point. Behaviorism *Ans*The theory states that if a new behavior pattern is repeated so many times it will become automatic. Benjamin Bloom *Ans*Three distinct spheres of knowledge-based skills: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Bloom's Taxonomy *Ans*Every sphere of knowledge passes through six successive levels: knowledge, comprehension, application, analyze, synthesis, evaluate. CAGE (self-reporting) *Ans*Questions of cutting down, the annoyance factor, the guilt factor, and alcohol as an eye opener. Chronic Stressor *Ans*A fairly intense sources of stress that is constantly occurring. Individuals who live in low-income, high-crime neighborhoods are said to be subject to chronic stressors. Cognitive views *Ans*Believe people are motivated because their behavior is influenced by the way some think about themselves and the environment around them. Cognitivism *Ans*This theory states that learning involves using certain information that has been stored in the brain. Collaborative-interdependent consultation model *Ans*More complex and comprehensive and is most applicable for addressing the multiplicity of issues related to at-risk youth. The partnership may be comprised of family, counselor, students school personnel, and/or community members, and all may act as equal partners. Collaborative/dependent consultation model *Ans*A partnership, but one in which the counselor/consultant may play more of a role as participant than facilitator. The counselor is expected to contribute to the problem-solving expertise, but is not the sole expert. The focus can e on the student, on the consultee, or on initiating chafe within the system. Comorbidity *Ans*Studies have also shown that there is a significant overlap between people with chemical dependencies and people with psychological disorders. Counselors can collect data the following ways: *Ans*Interviewing counselors and other educators, observing students formally/informally, distributing written questions/rating scales/surveys (with closed and open questions), comparing results of standardized tests, analyzing performance indicators such as grade point average/classroom grade/attendance/daily behavior. Crisis-centered group *Ans*Formed in response to a traumatic precipitating event. Controlled venue where students can express their feelings. Developmental delay *Ans*Refers to a significant cognitive elapse between ages 3 and 9 that cannot be accounted for by any other identified disability. Drop out clues *Ans*High rate of absenteeism; low or dropping grades; low participation in extracurricular activities; limited parental support; evidence or alcohol or drug problems. Emotional disturbance *Ans*Refers to a spectrum of symptoms that encompass a general inability to cope or learn which presents over a long period of time and to a marked degree. Evaluation *Ans*Implies a measurement of worth, indicating that the effectiveness will be judged. Evidence *Ans*Refers to all data that can be used to judge or determine effectiveness. It is either quantitatively or qualitatively derived. Formative evaluation *Ans*Describes specific feedback received during a program implementation. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) *Ans*Defined as a pervasive anxiety that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things. Growth-centered group *Ans*Often form as an outgrowth of another group. Address each individual student's issues and concerns, which may be peripheral or contributory to the group topic. How can major depression be helped? *Ans*Psychotherapy, medication, or both Howard Gardner *Ans*Multiple Intelligences: logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Intermittent Stressors *Ans*Those that are moderately intense and occur at regular intervals, like paying monthly bills or undergoing periodic examinations. Intervention strategies for drop outs *Ans*Tutoring services (peer or trained); Career and skill training for success after high school; Expressing high but reasonable expectations for students; Additional general/foundation classes for students with disabilities, or as needed Interventions for at-risk students *Ans*Peer mentor groups should be established that will allow both at-risk students and students not considered at risk to interact under the guise and facilitation of the counselor. Interventions for eating disorders *Ans*The combination of behavioral therapy (promotes healthy eating habits and discourage destructive behaviors) and cognitive therapy (addresses control and self esteem); Group therapy is also helpful to make sure if the student is in immediate physical danger from an eating disorder. Intoxication *Ans*The behavioral, psychological, and physiological changes that occur in a drug user. Jean Piaget *Ans*Developed the principles of equilibration, assimilation, accommodation, and schema formation Locus of control *Ans*When an individual believes that he or she can positively influence his or her own health, he or she is said to have this Mental exercises to avoid stress *Ans*Recognize symptoms; keep a journal to express feelings; rehearse potentially stressful situations before they occur; put the situation into perspective Other health impairment *Ans*Describes the presence of such chronic or acute health problems such as diabetes, epilepsy, ADD, heart conditions, or sickly cell anemia, that adversely affect the student's educational performance. Polyabuse *Ans*Many drug abusers take several diffe