PMED Test 2 Questions & Answers
2024/2025
Which of the following statements regarding the renal system is correct?
A) Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in men
.B) The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space.
C) Urinary tract infections are the most common renal disease.
D) The urethra transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. - ANSWERSB
The renal _______ is the middle layer of the kidney and includes the renal pyramids.
A) cortex
B) medulla
C) calyces
D) capsule - ANSWERSB
The main filter for blood in the kidney is the:
A) hilus.
B) calyces.
C) renal pyramid.
D) glomerulus. - ANSWERSD
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the:
A) nephron.
B) medulla.
C) renal cortex.
D) podocyte. - ANSWERSA
,The glomerular filtration rate is defined as the:
A) percentage of filtrate that remains in the kidneys.
B) amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute.
C) volume of blood that flows through the kidneys per minute.
D) pressure in the glomerulus that forces filtrate from the blood. - ANSWERSB
As the filtrate passes through the rest of the nephron, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
convert it to:
A) salt.
B) water.
C) urine.
D) glucose. - ANSWERSC
After the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule remove all organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and
ions from the filtrate, additional reabsorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the:
A) glomerulus.
B) macula densa.
C) loop of Henle.
D) distal convoluted tubule. - ANSWERSC
When triggered by changes in the blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells release:
A) renin.
B) aldosterone.
C) angiotensin I.
D) angiotensinogen. - ANSWERSA
Angiotensin II:
A) relaxes smooth muscle.
B) decreases sodium reabsorption.
,C) decreases blood pressure.
D) is a potent vasoconstrictor. - ANSWERSD
When the solute concentration of the blood increases:
A) water is excreted from the body by the kidneys.
B) antidiuretic hormone is released into the bloodstream.
C) the release of angiotensin II causes the blood pressure to fall.
D) the distal convoluted tubule becomes less permeable to water. - ANSWERSB
Aldosterone produces all of the following physiologic effects, EXCEPT:
A) increased water reabsorption by the kidneys.
B) retention of potassium ions in the body.
C) increased sodium and chloride reabsorption.
D) decreased reabsorption of potassium ions. - ANSWERSB
Furosemide (Lasix) causes diuresis by:
A) increasing circulating blood glucose.
B) converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
C) inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
D) inhibiting the production of antidiuretic hormone. - ANSWERSC
Diuril would MOST likely be prescribed to a patient with:
A) congestive heart failure.
B) persistent hypokalemia.
C) a decreased cardiac output.
D) vasoconstriction-induced hypertension. - ANSWERSA
The micturition reflex:
A) produces the urge to void.
, B) collapses the walls of the bladder.
C) is regulated by one of the cranial nerves.
D) causes relaxation of the urinary sphincter. - ANSWERSA
In contrast to the male urethra, the female urethra:
A) is approximately 20 cm long.
B) is divided into three regions.
C) consists of a prostatic urethra.
D) is significantly shorter in length. - ANSWERSD
Most urinary tract infections:
A) are asymptomatic and are diagnosed when a urinalysis is performed during a routine physical exam.
B) occur in women due to the relatively short urethra and its close proximity to the vagina and rectum.
C) involve the lower urinary tract in males because the urethra's large surface area can house more
bacteria.
D) are the result of viruses or fungi entering the external urethral opening secondary to poor personal
hygiene. - ANSWERSB
Which of the following statements regarding pyelonephritis is correct?
A) Untreated pyelonephritis typically heals spontaneously.
B) Most cases of pyelonephritis occur in the lower urinary tract.
C) Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the linings of the kidney.
D) In pyelonephritis, the ureters become inflamed and infected. - ANSWERSC
Common signs and symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) gross hematuria.
B) painful urination.
C) increased urinary frequency.
D) localized pain in the pelvis. - ANSWERSA
2024/2025
Which of the following statements regarding the renal system is correct?
A) Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in men
.B) The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space.
C) Urinary tract infections are the most common renal disease.
D) The urethra transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. - ANSWERSB
The renal _______ is the middle layer of the kidney and includes the renal pyramids.
A) cortex
B) medulla
C) calyces
D) capsule - ANSWERSB
The main filter for blood in the kidney is the:
A) hilus.
B) calyces.
C) renal pyramid.
D) glomerulus. - ANSWERSD
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the:
A) nephron.
B) medulla.
C) renal cortex.
D) podocyte. - ANSWERSA
,The glomerular filtration rate is defined as the:
A) percentage of filtrate that remains in the kidneys.
B) amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute.
C) volume of blood that flows through the kidneys per minute.
D) pressure in the glomerulus that forces filtrate from the blood. - ANSWERSB
As the filtrate passes through the rest of the nephron, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
convert it to:
A) salt.
B) water.
C) urine.
D) glucose. - ANSWERSC
After the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule remove all organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and
ions from the filtrate, additional reabsorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the:
A) glomerulus.
B) macula densa.
C) loop of Henle.
D) distal convoluted tubule. - ANSWERSC
When triggered by changes in the blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells release:
A) renin.
B) aldosterone.
C) angiotensin I.
D) angiotensinogen. - ANSWERSA
Angiotensin II:
A) relaxes smooth muscle.
B) decreases sodium reabsorption.
,C) decreases blood pressure.
D) is a potent vasoconstrictor. - ANSWERSD
When the solute concentration of the blood increases:
A) water is excreted from the body by the kidneys.
B) antidiuretic hormone is released into the bloodstream.
C) the release of angiotensin II causes the blood pressure to fall.
D) the distal convoluted tubule becomes less permeable to water. - ANSWERSB
Aldosterone produces all of the following physiologic effects, EXCEPT:
A) increased water reabsorption by the kidneys.
B) retention of potassium ions in the body.
C) increased sodium and chloride reabsorption.
D) decreased reabsorption of potassium ions. - ANSWERSB
Furosemide (Lasix) causes diuresis by:
A) increasing circulating blood glucose.
B) converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
C) inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
D) inhibiting the production of antidiuretic hormone. - ANSWERSC
Diuril would MOST likely be prescribed to a patient with:
A) congestive heart failure.
B) persistent hypokalemia.
C) a decreased cardiac output.
D) vasoconstriction-induced hypertension. - ANSWERSA
The micturition reflex:
A) produces the urge to void.
, B) collapses the walls of the bladder.
C) is regulated by one of the cranial nerves.
D) causes relaxation of the urinary sphincter. - ANSWERSA
In contrast to the male urethra, the female urethra:
A) is approximately 20 cm long.
B) is divided into three regions.
C) consists of a prostatic urethra.
D) is significantly shorter in length. - ANSWERSD
Most urinary tract infections:
A) are asymptomatic and are diagnosed when a urinalysis is performed during a routine physical exam.
B) occur in women due to the relatively short urethra and its close proximity to the vagina and rectum.
C) involve the lower urinary tract in males because the urethra's large surface area can house more
bacteria.
D) are the result of viruses or fungi entering the external urethral opening secondary to poor personal
hygiene. - ANSWERSB
Which of the following statements regarding pyelonephritis is correct?
A) Untreated pyelonephritis typically heals spontaneously.
B) Most cases of pyelonephritis occur in the lower urinary tract.
C) Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the linings of the kidney.
D) In pyelonephritis, the ureters become inflamed and infected. - ANSWERSC
Common signs and symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) gross hematuria.
B) painful urination.
C) increased urinary frequency.
D) localized pain in the pelvis. - ANSWERSA
