Pathophysiology 2 Final Exam Study
Guide Questions with Complete Solutions
2024/2025
G.E.R.D tx - Correct Answer diet, pressure reduction, BH changes
hiatal hernia - Correct Answer is a defect in the diaphragm. Risk increase with age, and women are
more prone to it than men
sliding hernia - Correct Answer (most common) portion of the stomach and esophagus slip up into
thorax.
Para esophageal hernia - Correct Answer (rolling) part of greater curvature of a stomach rolls through
the diaphragmatic defect
types of hernias - Correct Answer sliding and Para esophageal
barrets esophagus - Correct Answer damage to the lower portion of the tube that connect the
mouth and the stomach(columnar tissue)
alterations in the integrity of the GI tact wall - Correct Answer enterocolitis, IBD, inflammation of
stomach
IBS - Correct Answer Alternating diarrhea and constipation; inflammation is not present. No
pathogenic process
volvulus - Correct Answer obstruction due to twisting or knotting of the GI tract. (birth defect)
portal hypertension - Correct Answer the increase in blood pressure
portal hypertension effects - Correct Answer GI bleeding; black tar stool, bloody stool
,esophageal varices - Correct Answer abnormal enlarged veins in the connects the throat and the
stomach
causes of esophageal varices - Correct Answer developed when blood flow to the liver is blocked by a
clot or scars tissue leading to portal hypertension
ascites - Correct Answer accumulation of fluid in the abd.
kernicterus - Correct Answer form of brain damage caused by excessive jaundice
icterus - Correct Answer jaundice. yellowish pigment of skin and whites of eyes b/c of high bilirubin
alcoholic jaundice - Correct Answer fatty liver. fat accumulation in liver cells via abnormal retention
of lipids w/in cell
cirrhosis - Correct Answer degeneration of cells, inflammation thicking of tissue
jaundice - Correct Answer abnormal metabolism or retention of bilirubin
types of jaundice - Correct Answer prehapatic, hepatic, post hepatic
prehepatic jaundice - Correct Answer results from acute or chronic hemolytic anemia
hepatic jaundice - Correct Answer disorders of bilirubin metabolism and transport
post hepatic - Correct Answer compromise ability to excrete bilirubin by the liver
bilirubin metabolism(where) - Correct Answer the liver
type 1 DM: Onset, cause, TX, facts - Correct Answer Onset: 10-14 puberty;
Causes: insulin deficient(destruction of inselt cells)- autoimmune reactions to B cells
Tx: insulin replacement w/excessive diet
, Facts: prone to ketoacidosis
type 2 DM: Cause, tx - Correct Answer insulin resistant: defect glucose transports after insulin bands
to receptors
TX: Diet, exercise, insulin
factors that effect permeability of BBB - Correct Answer inflammation, neovascularity, toxins, infants
<6
brain disorder - Correct Answer dementia, and Parkinson
dementia - Correct Answer progressive deterioration and cont. decline of memory and cognitive
Alzheimer disease - Correct Answer form of dementia degeneration of the temporal and frontal
neurons.
- brain atrophy
- amyloid plaque
- brain acetylcholine is decreased
causes of Alzheimer - Correct Answer unknown, although genetics and environmental triggers are
suggested
Parkinson's disease and causes - Correct Answer degeneration of dopamine neurons
-Causes: idiopathic drugs, trauma
Parkinson's etiology and tx - Correct Answer tx: deep brain stimulation
lewy bodies- protein bodies develop due to degeneration
Parkinson's clinical manifestation - Correct Answer -tremor that is initially 1 sided the develops to 2
sided
- rigidity, loss of facial expression
-infrequent eye blinking
- delayed swallowing leading to drooling
Guide Questions with Complete Solutions
2024/2025
G.E.R.D tx - Correct Answer diet, pressure reduction, BH changes
hiatal hernia - Correct Answer is a defect in the diaphragm. Risk increase with age, and women are
more prone to it than men
sliding hernia - Correct Answer (most common) portion of the stomach and esophagus slip up into
thorax.
Para esophageal hernia - Correct Answer (rolling) part of greater curvature of a stomach rolls through
the diaphragmatic defect
types of hernias - Correct Answer sliding and Para esophageal
barrets esophagus - Correct Answer damage to the lower portion of the tube that connect the
mouth and the stomach(columnar tissue)
alterations in the integrity of the GI tact wall - Correct Answer enterocolitis, IBD, inflammation of
stomach
IBS - Correct Answer Alternating diarrhea and constipation; inflammation is not present. No
pathogenic process
volvulus - Correct Answer obstruction due to twisting or knotting of the GI tract. (birth defect)
portal hypertension - Correct Answer the increase in blood pressure
portal hypertension effects - Correct Answer GI bleeding; black tar stool, bloody stool
,esophageal varices - Correct Answer abnormal enlarged veins in the connects the throat and the
stomach
causes of esophageal varices - Correct Answer developed when blood flow to the liver is blocked by a
clot or scars tissue leading to portal hypertension
ascites - Correct Answer accumulation of fluid in the abd.
kernicterus - Correct Answer form of brain damage caused by excessive jaundice
icterus - Correct Answer jaundice. yellowish pigment of skin and whites of eyes b/c of high bilirubin
alcoholic jaundice - Correct Answer fatty liver. fat accumulation in liver cells via abnormal retention
of lipids w/in cell
cirrhosis - Correct Answer degeneration of cells, inflammation thicking of tissue
jaundice - Correct Answer abnormal metabolism or retention of bilirubin
types of jaundice - Correct Answer prehapatic, hepatic, post hepatic
prehepatic jaundice - Correct Answer results from acute or chronic hemolytic anemia
hepatic jaundice - Correct Answer disorders of bilirubin metabolism and transport
post hepatic - Correct Answer compromise ability to excrete bilirubin by the liver
bilirubin metabolism(where) - Correct Answer the liver
type 1 DM: Onset, cause, TX, facts - Correct Answer Onset: 10-14 puberty;
Causes: insulin deficient(destruction of inselt cells)- autoimmune reactions to B cells
Tx: insulin replacement w/excessive diet
, Facts: prone to ketoacidosis
type 2 DM: Cause, tx - Correct Answer insulin resistant: defect glucose transports after insulin bands
to receptors
TX: Diet, exercise, insulin
factors that effect permeability of BBB - Correct Answer inflammation, neovascularity, toxins, infants
<6
brain disorder - Correct Answer dementia, and Parkinson
dementia - Correct Answer progressive deterioration and cont. decline of memory and cognitive
Alzheimer disease - Correct Answer form of dementia degeneration of the temporal and frontal
neurons.
- brain atrophy
- amyloid plaque
- brain acetylcholine is decreased
causes of Alzheimer - Correct Answer unknown, although genetics and environmental triggers are
suggested
Parkinson's disease and causes - Correct Answer degeneration of dopamine neurons
-Causes: idiopathic drugs, trauma
Parkinson's etiology and tx - Correct Answer tx: deep brain stimulation
lewy bodies- protein bodies develop due to degeneration
Parkinson's clinical manifestation - Correct Answer -tremor that is initially 1 sided the develops to 2
sided
- rigidity, loss of facial expression
-infrequent eye blinking
- delayed swallowing leading to drooling
