NUR 141 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM|ANTIBIOTICS
UPDATED NOTES COMPLETE & VERIFIED
Antibiotics and Antivirals
Concept: Protection
- Terminology:
o Bactericidal: agent that kills bacteria
o Bacteriostatic: drugs that slow bacterial growth and replication but do not cause
cell death
o Super Infection: a new infection that emerges during treatment for a primary
infection
▪ Normal Flora
▪ Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
o Selective Toxicity: the ability of a drug to injure a target cell or target organism
without injuring other cells or organisms that are in intimate contact with the
target. “Does not injure host---valuable”
o Broad Spectrum: Drugs that are effective against many types of
organisms/bacteria (gram + & gram -)
o Narrow Spectrum: Drugs that are primarily effective against one or a limited type
of organisms/bacteria. They are more selective.
o Susceptibility: Vulnerability of the bacteria to an antibiotic’s effects
o Viruses: Intracellular parasites that survive only in living tissues
- Drug Selection:
o “match the drug with the bug”
o Culture
▪ Obtain before administering antibiotic
o Sensitivity
o C&S—Results
o Treatment usually initiated immediately—with broad spectrum antibiotic—
treatment re-evaluated once test results are back
- Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative:
o Most bacteria are classified into 2 broad categories
▪ Gram Positive (gram +)
▪ Gram Negative (gram -)
o Gram Stain Test
▪ Gram + = purple/violet
▪ Gram - = pink/red
, Neisseria
Salmonella
Enterococcus Shigella
Listeria Klebsiella
Mycobacterium
(pylori)
Pseudomonas
- Resistance:
o Resistance is the ability of a microorganism to live and grow in the presence of an
anti-infective drug. Usually results from genetic mutation of the microorganism.
o Use of antibiotics promotes the emergence of drug-resistant microbes
▪ Unnecessary exposure – appropriate use, dose, and time period are
critical
• Limit use of broad spectrum, when possible, narrow spectrum
preferred
▪ Not used correctly – antibiotics not taken for entire prescribed duration
, o Common Resistant Bacteria/Infections – “Super Bugs”
▪ MRSA (Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)
▪ VRE (Vancomycin resistant enterococcus)
▪ C. diff (Clostridium Difficile)
- Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics
o Surgery:
▪ Infection
▪ Contaminated surgery >> 100%
o Bacterial Endocarditis:
▪ Valvular heart disease
▪ Dental/mental procedures
o Prosthetics
o Neutropenia
UPDATED NOTES COMPLETE & VERIFIED
Antibiotics and Antivirals
Concept: Protection
- Terminology:
o Bactericidal: agent that kills bacteria
o Bacteriostatic: drugs that slow bacterial growth and replication but do not cause
cell death
o Super Infection: a new infection that emerges during treatment for a primary
infection
▪ Normal Flora
▪ Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
o Selective Toxicity: the ability of a drug to injure a target cell or target organism
without injuring other cells or organisms that are in intimate contact with the
target. “Does not injure host---valuable”
o Broad Spectrum: Drugs that are effective against many types of
organisms/bacteria (gram + & gram -)
o Narrow Spectrum: Drugs that are primarily effective against one or a limited type
of organisms/bacteria. They are more selective.
o Susceptibility: Vulnerability of the bacteria to an antibiotic’s effects
o Viruses: Intracellular parasites that survive only in living tissues
- Drug Selection:
o “match the drug with the bug”
o Culture
▪ Obtain before administering antibiotic
o Sensitivity
o C&S—Results
o Treatment usually initiated immediately—with broad spectrum antibiotic—
treatment re-evaluated once test results are back
- Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative:
o Most bacteria are classified into 2 broad categories
▪ Gram Positive (gram +)
▪ Gram Negative (gram -)
o Gram Stain Test
▪ Gram + = purple/violet
▪ Gram - = pink/red
, Neisseria
Salmonella
Enterococcus Shigella
Listeria Klebsiella
Mycobacterium
(pylori)
Pseudomonas
- Resistance:
o Resistance is the ability of a microorganism to live and grow in the presence of an
anti-infective drug. Usually results from genetic mutation of the microorganism.
o Use of antibiotics promotes the emergence of drug-resistant microbes
▪ Unnecessary exposure – appropriate use, dose, and time period are
critical
• Limit use of broad spectrum, when possible, narrow spectrum
preferred
▪ Not used correctly – antibiotics not taken for entire prescribed duration
, o Common Resistant Bacteria/Infections – “Super Bugs”
▪ MRSA (Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)
▪ VRE (Vancomycin resistant enterococcus)
▪ C. diff (Clostridium Difficile)
- Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics
o Surgery:
▪ Infection
▪ Contaminated surgery >> 100%
o Bacterial Endocarditis:
▪ Valvular heart disease
▪ Dental/mental procedures
o Prosthetics
o Neutropenia
