DIAGNOSIS & CLASSIFICATION
Cheniaux et al: 2 psychiatrists diagnosed 100 patients with schizophrenia
using ICD and DSM, for the DSM the first psychiatrist diagnosed 26
patients with schizophrenia whilst the second only diagnosed 13, for the
ICD the first psychiatrist diagnosed 44 but the second only diagnosed 24 -
therefore schizophrenia is more likely to be diagnosed using ICD than DSM
Buckley et al: 50% of schizophrenic patients were diagnosed with
depression, 47% substance abuse, 23% OCD and 29% PTSD - co-
morbidity, a person may have two of these and be misdiagnosed with
schizophrenia
BIOLOGICAL
Grottesman: 48% concordance rate for schizophrenia in MZ twins
Ripke et al: found that 108 separate genetic variations were associated
with an increased risk of schizophrenia, including genes that code for the
functioning of neurotransmitters including dopamine, recent research has
shown links to glutamate
Genain quadruplets: 4 identical daughters all diagnosed with
schizophrenia before age 25, but their psychotic breakdowns may have
been caused by sexual abuse from their father - can't conclude biology
caused it as they all shared the same environment
Juckel et al: found lower activity levels in ventral striatum (involved in
anticipating a reward) compared to controls, associated with avolition
Allen et al: patients with auditory hallucinations have lower activation
levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus
Thorney et al: chlorpromazine is associated with better overall
functioning, reduced symptom severity & lower relapse rate
Meltzer: clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases when typical
antipsychotics have failed
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Fromm-Reichmann: developed psychodynamic explanation in 1948 based
on what her patients told her about their childhood, schizophrenogenic
mother = schizophrenia-causing, someone who is cold, rejecting,
controlling, may be tension & secrecy in the family - this leads to distrust
that develops into paranoid delusions and then schizophrenia
Cheniaux et al: 2 psychiatrists diagnosed 100 patients with schizophrenia
using ICD and DSM, for the DSM the first psychiatrist diagnosed 26
patients with schizophrenia whilst the second only diagnosed 13, for the
ICD the first psychiatrist diagnosed 44 but the second only diagnosed 24 -
therefore schizophrenia is more likely to be diagnosed using ICD than DSM
Buckley et al: 50% of schizophrenic patients were diagnosed with
depression, 47% substance abuse, 23% OCD and 29% PTSD - co-
morbidity, a person may have two of these and be misdiagnosed with
schizophrenia
BIOLOGICAL
Grottesman: 48% concordance rate for schizophrenia in MZ twins
Ripke et al: found that 108 separate genetic variations were associated
with an increased risk of schizophrenia, including genes that code for the
functioning of neurotransmitters including dopamine, recent research has
shown links to glutamate
Genain quadruplets: 4 identical daughters all diagnosed with
schizophrenia before age 25, but their psychotic breakdowns may have
been caused by sexual abuse from their father - can't conclude biology
caused it as they all shared the same environment
Juckel et al: found lower activity levels in ventral striatum (involved in
anticipating a reward) compared to controls, associated with avolition
Allen et al: patients with auditory hallucinations have lower activation
levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus
Thorney et al: chlorpromazine is associated with better overall
functioning, reduced symptom severity & lower relapse rate
Meltzer: clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases when typical
antipsychotics have failed
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Fromm-Reichmann: developed psychodynamic explanation in 1948 based
on what her patients told her about their childhood, schizophrenogenic
mother = schizophrenia-causing, someone who is cold, rejecting,
controlling, may be tension & secrecy in the family - this leads to distrust
that develops into paranoid delusions and then schizophrenia
