CONFORMITY
Kelman: 3 different types of conformity - internalisation, identification &
compliance
Deutsch & Gerrard: 2 reasons why people conform - normative and
informational social influence
Lucas et al: greater conformity to incorrect answers when task was
difficult, supports ISI
McGhee & Teevon: students high in need of affiliation were more likely to
conform - individual differences in NSI
Asch: line study, 123 American male undergraduates, naïve participant
always seated last or next to last and tested with 6-8 confederates,
confederates started to give the same wrong answer (have to say them
out loud), 75% of the participants conformed at least once
Asch's Variations: group size (3 confederates, conformity rises to 31.8%),
unanimity (dissenting confederate, 25% conformity), task difficulty (lines
similar in length, increased conformity)
Perrin & Spencer: repeated Asch's original study with engineering
students in the UK, only one conformed out of 396 trials
Zimbardo: mock prison in basement of Stanford University, guards'
behaviour became a threat to the prisoners' psychological and physical
health, study had to be stopped after 6 days instead of 14, prisoners
rebelled within 2 days, one prisoner released on the first day and two
more on the fourth day, prisoner 416 thought the prison was real but ran
by psychologists not the government, one of the guards based his role on
a character from Cool Hand Luke - however, only a third of the guards
behaved brutally towards the prisoners
OBEDIENCE
Milgram's Baseline Study: 40 male participants, rigged draw for teacher or
learner (Mr Wallace, a confederate, would always be the learner,
experimenter is also a confederate and wears a white lab coat, teacher
had to give Mr Wallace electric shocks increasing in severity every time he
got an answer wrong (which was every time), they were told the shocks
were safe but the learner said he was suffering from heart issues, the
teachers looked to the experimenter for guidance but he responded with
one of 4 standard prods such as "you must go on", 315v learner became
silent, teacher told to continue - found that 65% of participants continued
to 450v (predicted only 3% would go this high as it would kill someone), 3
participants had seizures
Kelman: 3 different types of conformity - internalisation, identification &
compliance
Deutsch & Gerrard: 2 reasons why people conform - normative and
informational social influence
Lucas et al: greater conformity to incorrect answers when task was
difficult, supports ISI
McGhee & Teevon: students high in need of affiliation were more likely to
conform - individual differences in NSI
Asch: line study, 123 American male undergraduates, naïve participant
always seated last or next to last and tested with 6-8 confederates,
confederates started to give the same wrong answer (have to say them
out loud), 75% of the participants conformed at least once
Asch's Variations: group size (3 confederates, conformity rises to 31.8%),
unanimity (dissenting confederate, 25% conformity), task difficulty (lines
similar in length, increased conformity)
Perrin & Spencer: repeated Asch's original study with engineering
students in the UK, only one conformed out of 396 trials
Zimbardo: mock prison in basement of Stanford University, guards'
behaviour became a threat to the prisoners' psychological and physical
health, study had to be stopped after 6 days instead of 14, prisoners
rebelled within 2 days, one prisoner released on the first day and two
more on the fourth day, prisoner 416 thought the prison was real but ran
by psychologists not the government, one of the guards based his role on
a character from Cool Hand Luke - however, only a third of the guards
behaved brutally towards the prisoners
OBEDIENCE
Milgram's Baseline Study: 40 male participants, rigged draw for teacher or
learner (Mr Wallace, a confederate, would always be the learner,
experimenter is also a confederate and wears a white lab coat, teacher
had to give Mr Wallace electric shocks increasing in severity every time he
got an answer wrong (which was every time), they were told the shocks
were safe but the learner said he was suffering from heart issues, the
teachers looked to the experimenter for guidance but he responded with
one of 4 standard prods such as "you must go on", 315v learner became
silent, teacher told to continue - found that 65% of participants continued
to 450v (predicted only 3% would go this high as it would kill someone), 3
participants had seizures
