Evolution Exam 1 NDSU 2018S Questions with correct Answers

Evolution Exam 1 NDSU 2018S Questions with correct Answers 3 aspects of Darwin's theory of Evolution 1. Change over time 2. Descent with modification 3. Evolution by natural selection What three changes in time have provided evidence of evolution? 1. Marine fossil record showing three clear evolutionary faunas over time 2. Body size in woodrats in response to climate change 3. Direct observation of finches and soapberry bugs Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More Science Use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated during that process What does descent with modification tell us? 1. Species change though time step 1 to failure of AZT to control HIV transcription errors produce mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene including resistant variants step 2 to failure of AZT to control HIV Mutant virions pass their reverse transcriptase genes to their offspring step 3 to failure of AZT to control HIV In AZT environment, some virions are better than others at surviving and reproducing step 4 to failure of AZT to control HIV The persistant ones are the ones with mutations conferring resistance Examples of vestigial human traits coccyc, arrector pili (goose bumps) - to keep warm Law of succession observing close relationships with fossil and extant species in same geographical are between fossil forms in adjacent rock strata Examples of homologous structures Vertebrate forelimbs, same sequence and arrangement but different functions Analogies Non-homologous similarities Example of analogies shark and orca fins/tails/shapes, embryos in development Extraordinary fossils fossils of soft parts What three insights due extraordinary fossils provide? 1. morphology and relationships of organisms 2. nature and distribution of soft bodied organisms 3. preserved biomolecules for assessing rates of evolution Trace fossils Evidence of activity Pre-Cambian 1. first bacteria 2. first multicellular life Paleozoic (age of fishes) 1. first land plants 2. first vascular 3. first fishes 4. first tetrapods 5. first insects Mesozoic (age of dinosaurs) 1. first dinos 2. first birds 3. first flowering plants 4. first mammals Cenozoid (age of mammals) 1. first horses 2. first whales 3. first apes 4. first daisies Phylogeny 1. evolutionary history of finite set of organisms T/F- Branch lengths are proportional to amount of time passing for phylogenies False T/F - Branch lengths are not proportional to amount of time passing for phylogenies true T/F - Tips of phylogeny cannot be swiveled around nodes false T/F - order of taxa from top to bottom of phylogenies does not indicate how closely related they are true three guidelines for making a phylogeny 1. species on right evolved from left 2. characteristics evolved once 3. no traits are lost over time Apomorphy derived character state Synapomorphy apomorphy shared by multiple groups of taxa Autapomorphy apomorphy NOT shared among groups Plesiomorphy trait shared with ancestor Symplesiomorphy a plesiomorphy shared by many groups of taxa Clade collection of taxa and all ancestors back to a single shared ancestor monophyletic group same as clade paraphyly ancestral taxa and some of its descendants polyphyly multiple clades, no shared ancestor polytomy uncertain divergence from an ancestor into three or more lineages outgroup taxonomic group that diverged prior to the rest of the taxa in a phylogenetic analysis Parsimony means smallest number of evolutionary changes - most parsimonious hypthesis Homoplasy Similarity due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry - convergent character/analogy Theory Pseudoscience collection of beliefs mistakenly regarded as being a result of the scientific method. Epidemic widespread occurance Origin of HIV Apes Theodosius Dobzhansky evolutionary biology is the basis for all of life science The difference of a belief vs a theory belief = not true or testable Ring species connected series of neighboring populations that interbreed with closely sited related populations but they are too distantly related to interbreed Microevolution changes within a species Macroevolution major changes within whole taxa groups speciation formation of new species