BIS 2B FINAL EXAM (PART I) WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS .

BIS 2B FINAL EXAM (PART I) WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS . Community - Correct Answer: set of species in a particular place Ecosystem - Correct Answer: all species and their abiotic environment in a place Biological evolution - Correct Answer: change in the properties of populations over the course of generations caused by descent with modification Natural selection - Correct Answer: process that produces adaptations from differential reproductive success among organisms in same populations Stabilizing selection - Correct Answer: favors and preserves average characteristics - decreases variance Phenotypic plasticity - Correct Answer: environmental effects on phenotypic variation Biome - Correct Answer: environment that is defined by its climatic and geographic attributes Rhizobia - Correct Answer: bacteria fixes nitrogen for the plant Myorrhizae - Correct Answer: expands plant roots for plant, brings food/water - plant gives carbs (example of interspecies interaction & potentially parasitic) Trade off - Correct Answer: relationship between the benefits and the costs of a trait in different environments Principle of Allocation - Correct Answer: all life functions can not be simultaneously maximized Fundamental niche - Correct Answer: total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without effects of other species Realized niche - Correct Answer: part of fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other species Acclimatization - Correct Answer: relatively long term response by an organism to environmental change Dispersion - Correct Answer: distribution of organisms in space at one moment in time clumped random uniform Home range - Correct Answer: the area an animal normally lives Cooperation - Correct Answer: interactions among individuals in which all benefit Life cycle - Correct Answer: the entire span of stages in the life of an organism from the moment of fertilization to the time it reproduces and dies Reproductive value (Vx) - Correct Answer: age specific expectation of future reproduction Competition - Correct Answer: process that occurs when individuals share resources that are in short supply Translocations - Correct Answer: exchange of segments between nonhomologous chromosomes Heterozygous - Correct Answer: individual has different copies Locus - Correct Answer: the site on the chromosome of a gene Incomplete dominance - Correct Answer: when heterozygotes show a phenotype intermediate between two homozygotes Inbreeding - Correct Answer: a form of nonrandom mating in which individuals are more likely to mate with relatives than with nonrelatives Genetic drift - Correct Answer: random change in gene frequencies within populations caused by sampling error Heterozygosity - Correct Answer: the proportion of the population that is heterozygous Gene flow - Correct Answer: movement of genotypes from one population to another Character displacement - Correct Answer: when species differ more where they are together (sympatric) than when they are alone (allopatric) Predation - Correct Answer: when an animal eats another organism (+,-) Coevolution - Correct Answer: when two or more species affect one another's evolution Aposematic - Correct Answer: species that are brightly colored to advertise that they are harmful Symbioism - Correct Answer: intimate association between species Facilitative - Correct Answer: X makes area habitable for Y (X - usually r-selected species) Biogeochemical cycle - Correct Answer-pattern of movement of a chemical element through living organisms Denitrification - Correct Answer: conversion of soluble nitrogenous compounds to atmospheric N2 (part of nitrogen cycle) Nitrification - Correct Answer: conversion of atmospheric N2 to soluble nitrogenous compounds N2O (part of nitrogen cycle) Ocean acidification - Correct Answer: the increasing acidity of the oceans by the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere Ecological isolation - Correct Answer: prezygotic barrier: premating mates dont meet temporal segregation (time [e.g., breeding periods occur in different parts of the year]) spatial segregation (physical separation) Gametic incompatibility - Correct Answer: prezygotic barrier: postmating gametes fail to produce viable zygotes Hybrid inviability - Correct Answer: postzygotic barrier: internal developmental problems LOW fitness Founder effect - Correct Answer: colonists carry only a small fraction of the total variation in the source Competitive displacement - Correct Answer: when a later group has caused the extinction/reduction of an earlier group Microevolution - Correct Answer: small phenotypic changes in populations over a relatively short period of time (within species) Macroevolution - Correct Answer: large phenotypic changes within lineages Gradualism - Correct Answer: evolutionary change within lineages is slow and conitnuous Punctuated equilibrium - Correct Answer: evolution within lineages occurs in short periods with rapid change separated by long periods with little or no change Stasis - Correct Answer: little/no evolutionary change over long period developmental canalization habitat tracking stabilizing selection gene swamping Speciation - Correct Answer: origin of two species from a common ancestral species caused by the evolution of biological barriers to gene flow 1. peripatric (separated) speciation 2. sudden changes (saltation) 3. rapid microevolution Biological control - Correct Answer: the use of natural enemies to control pests (e.g.,rabbits in Australia) Overexplotation - Correct Answer: major problems for valuable animals, plants, elephants use up way more than you should (e.g.,Humans) Ecosystem - Correct Answer: all species and their abiotic environment in an area Trophic Level - Correct Answer: the position of an organism in the ecosystem according to how it obtains energy (e.g., autotroph, herbivore / primary consumer, secondary consumer/predator, keystone species, etc.) Keystone Species - Correct Answer: a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance, can affect/cause trophic cascades