PSY 658 MT EXAM LATEST UPDATED
Temperament - ANSWER early-appearing, stable individual differences in
reactivity and self-regulation. The traits that make up temperament are believed to
form the cornerstone of the adult personality.
Reactivity refers to the quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and
motor activity
Self-Regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity. p190
Parallel Play - ANSWER A form of limited social participation in which a child
plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their
behavior.
Distinguished from nonsocial activity, associative play and cooperative play. p263
Teratogens - ANSWER any environmental agent that causes damage during the
prenatal period. p81
Puberty - ANSWER Biological changes at adolescence that lead to an adult-sized
body and sexual maturity. p367
Reflex - ANSWER An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of
stimulation. p101
Learned Helplessness - ANSWER Attribution of success to external factors such as
luck; and failure to low ability, which is fixed and cannot be improved through
effort.
Distinguished from Mastery-Oriented Attributions. p339
Joint Attention - ANSWER A state in which the child attends to the same object or
event as the caregiver, who often labels it. Contributes to early language
development. p176
Bicultural Identity - ANSWER The identity constructed by exploring and adopting
values from both the individual's subculture and dominant culture. p412
, Secure Attachment - ANSWER The attachment pattern characterizing infants who
use the parent as a secure base from which to explore. They may be distressed by
parental separation, but convey clear pleasure and are easily comforted when the
parent returns.
Distinguished from insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and
disorganized/disoriented attachment. p198
Lateralization - ANSWER Specialization of function in the two hemispheres of the
cerebral cortex.
Left Hemisphere responsible for verbal and written language and positive emotion.
Right Hemisphere is responsible for spatial abilities and negative emotions.
p121
Gender Identity - ANSWER an image of oneself as relatively masculine or
feminine in characteristics. p279
Traditional Classroom - ANSWER a classroom in which the teacher is the sole
authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making.
Students are relatively passive learners whose progress is evaluated by how well
they keep pace with a uniform set of standards for their grade.
Distinguished from constructivist and social-constructivist classrooms. p324
Plasticity - ANSWER Openness of development to change in response to
influential experiences. p50
Metacognition - ANSWER Thinking about Thought
Conscious awareness of mental activities. p241
Zone of Proximal Development - ANSWER In Sociocultural Theory - a range of
tasks too difficult for a child to handle alone, but possible with the help of more
skilled partners. p166
Imaginary Audience - ANSWER adolescents' belief that they are the focus of
Temperament - ANSWER early-appearing, stable individual differences in
reactivity and self-regulation. The traits that make up temperament are believed to
form the cornerstone of the adult personality.
Reactivity refers to the quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and
motor activity
Self-Regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity. p190
Parallel Play - ANSWER A form of limited social participation in which a child
plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their
behavior.
Distinguished from nonsocial activity, associative play and cooperative play. p263
Teratogens - ANSWER any environmental agent that causes damage during the
prenatal period. p81
Puberty - ANSWER Biological changes at adolescence that lead to an adult-sized
body and sexual maturity. p367
Reflex - ANSWER An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of
stimulation. p101
Learned Helplessness - ANSWER Attribution of success to external factors such as
luck; and failure to low ability, which is fixed and cannot be improved through
effort.
Distinguished from Mastery-Oriented Attributions. p339
Joint Attention - ANSWER A state in which the child attends to the same object or
event as the caregiver, who often labels it. Contributes to early language
development. p176
Bicultural Identity - ANSWER The identity constructed by exploring and adopting
values from both the individual's subculture and dominant culture. p412
, Secure Attachment - ANSWER The attachment pattern characterizing infants who
use the parent as a secure base from which to explore. They may be distressed by
parental separation, but convey clear pleasure and are easily comforted when the
parent returns.
Distinguished from insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and
disorganized/disoriented attachment. p198
Lateralization - ANSWER Specialization of function in the two hemispheres of the
cerebral cortex.
Left Hemisphere responsible for verbal and written language and positive emotion.
Right Hemisphere is responsible for spatial abilities and negative emotions.
p121
Gender Identity - ANSWER an image of oneself as relatively masculine or
feminine in characteristics. p279
Traditional Classroom - ANSWER a classroom in which the teacher is the sole
authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making.
Students are relatively passive learners whose progress is evaluated by how well
they keep pace with a uniform set of standards for their grade.
Distinguished from constructivist and social-constructivist classrooms. p324
Plasticity - ANSWER Openness of development to change in response to
influential experiences. p50
Metacognition - ANSWER Thinking about Thought
Conscious awareness of mental activities. p241
Zone of Proximal Development - ANSWER In Sociocultural Theory - a range of
tasks too difficult for a child to handle alone, but possible with the help of more
skilled partners. p166
Imaginary Audience - ANSWER adolescents' belief that they are the focus of
