MCB4271 Module 1 Exam Latest
Update
antimicrobial resistance - Answer the ability of a microrg. (bacteria, viruses, some
parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials)
from working against it
- standard trtmnts become ineffective, infections persist. and may spread to others
antibiotics - Answer kill bacteria or inhibit growth
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) - Answer one of the most common
examples of AMR
bacterium - Answer singular
bacteria - Answer 2 or many
antiviral agents - Answer block viral replications
- ex: vaccines against influenza
vaccines and antivirals can quickly lose effectiveness as a virus mutates -> need to
constantly be developed
antifungal agents - Answer kill fungus
ex: antifungals against Candida (a fungus tht lives in/on our bodies)
candida - Answer fungus; opportunistic pathogen; it can attack humans when given
opportunities to thrive
- serious antifungal-resistant strains began to emerge
- leading cause of bloodstream infections in US hospitals
antiparasitic drugs - Answer target parasites, like malaria
plasmodium falciparum - Answer malaria parasite
- can dvlp resistance and taking over half a million lives annually around the world
pesticides - Answer used to control invasive/disease-carrying pests
- ex: reduce malaria by killing mosquitoes
- problem: mosquitoes dvlp resist to many pesticides, making it difficult to control su
popln
,herbicide agents - Answer used to control weeds tht interfere with crop growth
- ex: waterhemp (invasive weed) tht dvlpd resistance to most commercially available
herbicidal agents
cancer resistance - Answer chemotherapeutic agents used
- cancer can dvlp resistance to these drugs, making it difficult to treat pts
how does AMR develop? - Answer within a popln, *some bacteria may already be
carrying resistance to a given antibiotic.* in the presence of tht particular antibiotic, *all
drug-sensitive cells are killed*
- the ones tht persist *continue to divide, giving rise to drug-resistant poplns*
- resistant bacteria have ability to *pass resistance to other sensitive cells from diff
bacterial species giving rise to new antibiotic resistance*
bacterial & fungal infections cause massive life loss - Answer CDC estimates tht
antibiotic resistance causes at least 2 mill infections anually claiming some 23k deaths
in US alone
- most deaths occur in healthcare settings: hospitals and nursing homes
community-acquired infection - Answer an infection tht is acquired from a communal
setting, such as gym, swimming pool, subway, etc
- most common infection
nosocomial (hospital-acquired infections, HAIs) - Answer infections tht are caught in
healthcare setting (hospital, clinic, nursing home, etc)
how serious is AMR? - Answer 2013: 2 mill AMR infections in US
2019: almost 3 million infections
2013: 23K deaths
2019: 35K
AMR current death rate 1.22% but increases to 1.57% if u count deaths from
Clostridioles difficile
AMR vs Covid - Answer aug 10, 2021: 36 mill covid cases & 634K+ deaths -> 1.72% death
rate
florida covid death rate: 1.41% ->so u are less likely to die from covid than AMR
infections in Florida
- *we have not developed a new class of antibiotics since the 1980s*
, AMR deaths europe - Answer over *33K deaths/yr directly related to AMR in Europe*
BUT adjusting for popln, US has 328.2 million ppl & Europe has 746.4 mill -> *US has ~2x
more deaths from AMR than europe*
- *39%* of all deaths related to AMR are due to bacteria tht are resistant to last-reserve
antibios. (pan-resistance)
Robert Redfield in CDC 2019 Report - CDC AMR Threats Report 2019 - Answer 1. *stop
referring to a coming post-antibiotic era* - it's already here
2. *stop playing the blame game*
• historically, healthcare has been placing the blame on agriculture
• certain countries are also to blame - india and china are hotspots of AMR due to lack
of stewardship leading to overuse of antibiotics
• everyone is responsible
3. *stop relying only on new antibiotics*
• bc there are none
• they're not available for common use
• need to concentrate on prevention and common sense
4. *stop believing tht AMR is a problem "over there"* - it's here
AMR key facts - Answer 1. Is one of the biggest threats to global health and food
security today
2. Can affect anyone of any age in any country
3. Occurs naturally, but misuse of drugs in humans and animals is accelerating the
process
4. Leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality
number of infections - Answer stay more or less the same. in the US there are ~14 mill
bacterial infections/yr and has been pretty much the same since 2002
Update
antimicrobial resistance - Answer the ability of a microrg. (bacteria, viruses, some
parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials)
from working against it
- standard trtmnts become ineffective, infections persist. and may spread to others
antibiotics - Answer kill bacteria or inhibit growth
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) - Answer one of the most common
examples of AMR
bacterium - Answer singular
bacteria - Answer 2 or many
antiviral agents - Answer block viral replications
- ex: vaccines against influenza
vaccines and antivirals can quickly lose effectiveness as a virus mutates -> need to
constantly be developed
antifungal agents - Answer kill fungus
ex: antifungals against Candida (a fungus tht lives in/on our bodies)
candida - Answer fungus; opportunistic pathogen; it can attack humans when given
opportunities to thrive
- serious antifungal-resistant strains began to emerge
- leading cause of bloodstream infections in US hospitals
antiparasitic drugs - Answer target parasites, like malaria
plasmodium falciparum - Answer malaria parasite
- can dvlp resistance and taking over half a million lives annually around the world
pesticides - Answer used to control invasive/disease-carrying pests
- ex: reduce malaria by killing mosquitoes
- problem: mosquitoes dvlp resist to many pesticides, making it difficult to control su
popln
,herbicide agents - Answer used to control weeds tht interfere with crop growth
- ex: waterhemp (invasive weed) tht dvlpd resistance to most commercially available
herbicidal agents
cancer resistance - Answer chemotherapeutic agents used
- cancer can dvlp resistance to these drugs, making it difficult to treat pts
how does AMR develop? - Answer within a popln, *some bacteria may already be
carrying resistance to a given antibiotic.* in the presence of tht particular antibiotic, *all
drug-sensitive cells are killed*
- the ones tht persist *continue to divide, giving rise to drug-resistant poplns*
- resistant bacteria have ability to *pass resistance to other sensitive cells from diff
bacterial species giving rise to new antibiotic resistance*
bacterial & fungal infections cause massive life loss - Answer CDC estimates tht
antibiotic resistance causes at least 2 mill infections anually claiming some 23k deaths
in US alone
- most deaths occur in healthcare settings: hospitals and nursing homes
community-acquired infection - Answer an infection tht is acquired from a communal
setting, such as gym, swimming pool, subway, etc
- most common infection
nosocomial (hospital-acquired infections, HAIs) - Answer infections tht are caught in
healthcare setting (hospital, clinic, nursing home, etc)
how serious is AMR? - Answer 2013: 2 mill AMR infections in US
2019: almost 3 million infections
2013: 23K deaths
2019: 35K
AMR current death rate 1.22% but increases to 1.57% if u count deaths from
Clostridioles difficile
AMR vs Covid - Answer aug 10, 2021: 36 mill covid cases & 634K+ deaths -> 1.72% death
rate
florida covid death rate: 1.41% ->so u are less likely to die from covid than AMR
infections in Florida
- *we have not developed a new class of antibiotics since the 1980s*
, AMR deaths europe - Answer over *33K deaths/yr directly related to AMR in Europe*
BUT adjusting for popln, US has 328.2 million ppl & Europe has 746.4 mill -> *US has ~2x
more deaths from AMR than europe*
- *39%* of all deaths related to AMR are due to bacteria tht are resistant to last-reserve
antibios. (pan-resistance)
Robert Redfield in CDC 2019 Report - CDC AMR Threats Report 2019 - Answer 1. *stop
referring to a coming post-antibiotic era* - it's already here
2. *stop playing the blame game*
• historically, healthcare has been placing the blame on agriculture
• certain countries are also to blame - india and china are hotspots of AMR due to lack
of stewardship leading to overuse of antibiotics
• everyone is responsible
3. *stop relying only on new antibiotics*
• bc there are none
• they're not available for common use
• need to concentrate on prevention and common sense
4. *stop believing tht AMR is a problem "over there"* - it's here
AMR key facts - Answer 1. Is one of the biggest threats to global health and food
security today
2. Can affect anyone of any age in any country
3. Occurs naturally, but misuse of drugs in humans and animals is accelerating the
process
4. Leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality
number of infections - Answer stay more or less the same. in the US there are ~14 mill
bacterial infections/yr and has been pretty much the same since 2002
