NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam/ NR
507 Midterm Chamberlain Updated
Asthma - ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSWER smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSWER the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER embedded with connective tissue cells
and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - ANSWER white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSWER the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - ANSWER control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
, alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like
it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping
air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - ANSWER -expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ANSWER tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ANSWER These drugs block the effects
of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - ANSWER the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - ANSWER inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion - ANSWER The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells
and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANSWER cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER there is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - ANSWER when blood passes from the right ventricle through
the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - ANSWER -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
507 Midterm Chamberlain Updated
Asthma - ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSWER smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSWER the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER embedded with connective tissue cells
and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - ANSWER white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSWER the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - ANSWER control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
, alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like
it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping
air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - ANSWER -expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ANSWER tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ANSWER These drugs block the effects
of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - ANSWER the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - ANSWER inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion - ANSWER The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells
and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANSWER cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER there is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - ANSWER when blood passes from the right ventricle through
the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - ANSWER -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
