Biol 436 SDSU Exam 1 Questions and
Correct Answers
physiology ✅the study of how the body works to maintain life
the body is predictable
pathophysiology ✅how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury
extracellular compartment ✅fluid outside of cells
composed of : blood plasma (20%) & interstitial fluid (80%)
intracellular compartment ✅is the fluid inside cells
circulation and fluid compartments ✅blood is pumped out of the heart (blood is
extracellular)
goes into a tissue and exchanges things to the interstitial fluid (also extracellular) by
diffusion etc
and then also exchanges things with the intracellular fluids by diffusion etc
body maintainance ✅to maintain the body means that it needs to be in homeostasis
which is essential for the survival of cells that make up the body systems
homeostasis ✅is the maintenance of fairly constant internal conditions
-around physiological set points
-maintained by *negative feedback loops*
when the temp gets below 37deg then you shiver and if you get above 37 deg then you
sweat and homeostasis by negative feedback brings you back to normal range
negative feedback loops ✅1. a *sensor* detects a deviation from set point
2. the *integrating center* determines a response
3. the *effector* produces a response
12 human systems (organismal level) ✅1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
6. cardiovascular
7. lymphatic
8. respiratory
9. digestive
,10. urinary
12. reproductive
as organisms increase in complexity, this leads to specialization.
types of transport across membranes ✅1. diffusion : passive / facilitated
2. active : atp driven / ion-gradient drived(electrochemical)
3. exocytosis and endocytosis
passive diffusion ✅molecules move from areas of high to low conc.
facilitated diffusion ✅channels & carriers/transporters
3 types: uniporter (one molecule), symporter (2 molecules in same direction), and
antiporter (2 molecules in diff directions)
------ *secondary active transport* is active transport that could involve transporters in
symport or anitport IF one molecule uses other molecules thermal energy as an outside
source to move it against gradient
-increase rates of 10^7 - 10^8 ions / sec
-dependent on electrochemical gradient
-It is specific for the solute it transports, and at high solute concentrations the carrier
protein will be saturated and adding more solute will not necessarily increase the rate
anymore (just like enzymes, michaleis menten)
ex) glucose transport GLUT1 ... blood glucose should be between 80-120mg/dl or 4.4-
6.6mM..uniporter
active transport ✅*ATP driven pumps* (atpases) -- moves molecules against their conc
gradients by using energy stored in an atp molecule.
-this is the slowest form of transport using 10 to 10^3 ions/sec
-ATP hyrolyzes and phosphate bonds to the atpase which makes it change
conformations. then the molecule binds to the pump and it changes conformation again
which "pops" the phosphate group off and causes the opening of the pump to face the
other side of the mem.. and since the phosphate is no longer on the pump, the molecule
cant bind to it and it is released ... which again changes the shape of pump to original
position
*ex) Na/K-ATPase* -- moves 3 Na out of cell and 2 K into cell using only 1 molecule of
atp... if there are any less K or Na then the pump will not work ... both move against
their conc gradient so there is zero type of diffusion
*secondary active transport* -- uses symport or antiports where it uses energy from a
molecule diffusing to go to the other side
endocytosis ✅molecules bind to the outside of the mem or trapped in fluid outside the
cell as the mem folds in on itself to form a vesicle inside the cell
, exocytosis ✅when a cell makes a large molecule that it wants to release outside of the
cell.. it packages it into a vesicle and then fuses to the vesicle with the mem then
releases the contents outside the cell
components in cells ✅-golgi complex
-nuclear envelope
-mitochondrion
-lysosome
-chromatin
-plasma mem
-microtubule
-granular ER
-cytoplasm/cytosol
-ribosome
-agranular ER
-nucleus
-nucleolus
-centriole
-secretory vesicle
extracellular envrionment ✅the outer mem is a hydrophobic barrier to hydrophilic
molecules so it requires mechanisms of transport
but hydrophobic molecules that are small can pass
ex) O2 diffuses into cell and CO2 diffuses out
hydrophilic molecules ✅-polar covalent : molecules do not share electrons, they act
like magnets so they have a neg and pos region that interact with other substances..
like water
-ionic : share electrons, completely dissociate in water so they do not give back the
electron so the ions remain pos or neg
hydrophobic molecules ✅no areas of neg or pos charge.. do not like water
-ex) triglyceride = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids.. stored in adapose cells and they have so
many chem bonds that store energy that if we break them apart then we have a lot of
atp
phospholipid molecules ✅-have polar phosphate heads (hydrophilic) and nonpolar
fatty tails (hydrophobic)
-they aggregate together in water with the heads interacting with water and the tails
protected inside
head groups = choline, phosphate, glycerol
Correct Answers
physiology ✅the study of how the body works to maintain life
the body is predictable
pathophysiology ✅how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury
extracellular compartment ✅fluid outside of cells
composed of : blood plasma (20%) & interstitial fluid (80%)
intracellular compartment ✅is the fluid inside cells
circulation and fluid compartments ✅blood is pumped out of the heart (blood is
extracellular)
goes into a tissue and exchanges things to the interstitial fluid (also extracellular) by
diffusion etc
and then also exchanges things with the intracellular fluids by diffusion etc
body maintainance ✅to maintain the body means that it needs to be in homeostasis
which is essential for the survival of cells that make up the body systems
homeostasis ✅is the maintenance of fairly constant internal conditions
-around physiological set points
-maintained by *negative feedback loops*
when the temp gets below 37deg then you shiver and if you get above 37 deg then you
sweat and homeostasis by negative feedback brings you back to normal range
negative feedback loops ✅1. a *sensor* detects a deviation from set point
2. the *integrating center* determines a response
3. the *effector* produces a response
12 human systems (organismal level) ✅1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
6. cardiovascular
7. lymphatic
8. respiratory
9. digestive
,10. urinary
12. reproductive
as organisms increase in complexity, this leads to specialization.
types of transport across membranes ✅1. diffusion : passive / facilitated
2. active : atp driven / ion-gradient drived(electrochemical)
3. exocytosis and endocytosis
passive diffusion ✅molecules move from areas of high to low conc.
facilitated diffusion ✅channels & carriers/transporters
3 types: uniporter (one molecule), symporter (2 molecules in same direction), and
antiporter (2 molecules in diff directions)
------ *secondary active transport* is active transport that could involve transporters in
symport or anitport IF one molecule uses other molecules thermal energy as an outside
source to move it against gradient
-increase rates of 10^7 - 10^8 ions / sec
-dependent on electrochemical gradient
-It is specific for the solute it transports, and at high solute concentrations the carrier
protein will be saturated and adding more solute will not necessarily increase the rate
anymore (just like enzymes, michaleis menten)
ex) glucose transport GLUT1 ... blood glucose should be between 80-120mg/dl or 4.4-
6.6mM..uniporter
active transport ✅*ATP driven pumps* (atpases) -- moves molecules against their conc
gradients by using energy stored in an atp molecule.
-this is the slowest form of transport using 10 to 10^3 ions/sec
-ATP hyrolyzes and phosphate bonds to the atpase which makes it change
conformations. then the molecule binds to the pump and it changes conformation again
which "pops" the phosphate group off and causes the opening of the pump to face the
other side of the mem.. and since the phosphate is no longer on the pump, the molecule
cant bind to it and it is released ... which again changes the shape of pump to original
position
*ex) Na/K-ATPase* -- moves 3 Na out of cell and 2 K into cell using only 1 molecule of
atp... if there are any less K or Na then the pump will not work ... both move against
their conc gradient so there is zero type of diffusion
*secondary active transport* -- uses symport or antiports where it uses energy from a
molecule diffusing to go to the other side
endocytosis ✅molecules bind to the outside of the mem or trapped in fluid outside the
cell as the mem folds in on itself to form a vesicle inside the cell
, exocytosis ✅when a cell makes a large molecule that it wants to release outside of the
cell.. it packages it into a vesicle and then fuses to the vesicle with the mem then
releases the contents outside the cell
components in cells ✅-golgi complex
-nuclear envelope
-mitochondrion
-lysosome
-chromatin
-plasma mem
-microtubule
-granular ER
-cytoplasm/cytosol
-ribosome
-agranular ER
-nucleus
-nucleolus
-centriole
-secretory vesicle
extracellular envrionment ✅the outer mem is a hydrophobic barrier to hydrophilic
molecules so it requires mechanisms of transport
but hydrophobic molecules that are small can pass
ex) O2 diffuses into cell and CO2 diffuses out
hydrophilic molecules ✅-polar covalent : molecules do not share electrons, they act
like magnets so they have a neg and pos region that interact with other substances..
like water
-ionic : share electrons, completely dissociate in water so they do not give back the
electron so the ions remain pos or neg
hydrophobic molecules ✅no areas of neg or pos charge.. do not like water
-ex) triglyceride = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids.. stored in adapose cells and they have so
many chem bonds that store energy that if we break them apart then we have a lot of
atp
phospholipid molecules ✅-have polar phosphate heads (hydrophilic) and nonpolar
fatty tails (hydrophobic)
-they aggregate together in water with the heads interacting with water and the tails
protected inside
head groups = choline, phosphate, glycerol
