Bio 436 Final Exam Questions and
Verified Answers
Understand the term hematocrit, what is it measuring ✅number of red blood cells
(packed cell volume)
should be 40-50%
Know "normal" values ✅plasma = 55% of whole blood
buffy coat = <1% (platelets and WBC)
red blood cells = 45% of whole blood
normal hematocrit - 45%
What can be
determined by a person's hematocrit? ✅If person has anemia or polycythemia
What does anemia refer to? ✅Not enough RBC's; hematocrit 30% or lower
What is the problem associated with a) iron deficiency anemia
b) aplastic anemia c) pernicious anemia d) hemolytic anemia (of which sickle cell
anemia is a
specific type of hemolytic anemia)? ✅iron deficiency anemia
-not enough iron in the body to manufacture RBCs
aplastic anemia
-failure of bone marrows to produce RBCs correctly
pernicious anemia
-due to a lack of vitamin B12
hemolytic anemia
-RBCs destroyed faster than they are made
-sickle cell is a type of hemolytic anemia
What does ESR stand for? ✅erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Can the ESR be used to diagnose diseases? ✅no.
How long do mature RBC's survive?
How does the body replace them?
,What organ is
responsible for this?
What hormone is involved? ✅120 days
erythropoiesis
bone marrow, kidney
EPO
What is hemoglobin? Where is it found? ✅Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen.
It is found in the red blood cells.
How does hemoglobin help RBC's carry oxygen to
tissues? What is essential for this function? ✅each heme group contains an iron atom
which binds one oxygen molecule, allowing 4 oxygen molecules to bind each
hemoglobin
-iron in the heme group is essential, also correct temp, pH, altitude, 2-3 BPG
What is blood typing? ✅Determining what blood type you are based on the proteins
located on your red blood cells.
What are the antigens found on cells? ✅A, B, A&B, or none
Which antibodies can be found in the blood? ✅A, B, A&B, or none, Rh factor
How do we determine someone's blood type? ✅add anti b, anti A, and anti Rh (?) to
your blood samples and see if it agglutinates. the one that agglutinates is your blood
type
Does the blood type refer to the antigens on the cell surfaces or the antibodies found in
the plasma? ✅antigens on the cell surfaces
Be able to describe what happens if the wrong blood type is given to a person - for each
blood type. ✅blood agglutinates and clots and you die
Why does cholesterol pose a special problem for transport in our circulation?
✅cholesterol is not very soluble in water, it must be packaged into lipoproteins to travel
through the blood
How do our bodies transport cholesterol (along with some triglycerides and
phospholipids). ✅chylomicrons: transport cholesterol and lipids from intestine to liver
via blood
LDLs: transport cholesterol and lipids from liver to tissues (bad)
, HDLs: transport excess cholesterol from tissues and delivers it to the liver (good)
What is the major organ responsible for synthesizing cholesterol for our bodies? ✅liver
Which is the "good" lipoprotein? Why? ✅HDL because the excess cholesterol from the
tissues is properly disposed of or stored in the liver for future use
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC? ✅~280 million
How many RBCs are produced per second? ✅2.5 million
What is the lifespan of a RBC? ✅120 days
What blood type is the universal donor? ✅O
this means that the isolated RBC's only can be given to anyone - NOT the plasma!
What blood type is the universal recipient? ✅AB
-this means that the isolated
RBC's from any blood type can be given to someone with blood type AB, however the
plasma cannot be given!
Understand the path of blood flow and anatomy of the heart/chambers/valves ✅body --
> superior and inferior vena cavas -->right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --
> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium -->
mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> body
Know the cardiac cycle. ✅
Is blood found in the arteries always oxygenated? ✅No. i.e. blood in the pulmonary
artery
Know the equation for cardiac output. ✅CO = HR x SV
What factors affect SV? ✅1. end diastolic volume (EDV/preload) - volume of blood in
ventricles at end of diastole
2. total peripheral resistance (TPR/afterload) - impedance to blood flow in arteries
3. contractility - strength of ventricular contraction
How does the ANS affect SV? ✅Sympathetic: increase stroke volume (and
contractility)
Parasympathetic: increase stroke volume?
Verified Answers
Understand the term hematocrit, what is it measuring ✅number of red blood cells
(packed cell volume)
should be 40-50%
Know "normal" values ✅plasma = 55% of whole blood
buffy coat = <1% (platelets and WBC)
red blood cells = 45% of whole blood
normal hematocrit - 45%
What can be
determined by a person's hematocrit? ✅If person has anemia or polycythemia
What does anemia refer to? ✅Not enough RBC's; hematocrit 30% or lower
What is the problem associated with a) iron deficiency anemia
b) aplastic anemia c) pernicious anemia d) hemolytic anemia (of which sickle cell
anemia is a
specific type of hemolytic anemia)? ✅iron deficiency anemia
-not enough iron in the body to manufacture RBCs
aplastic anemia
-failure of bone marrows to produce RBCs correctly
pernicious anemia
-due to a lack of vitamin B12
hemolytic anemia
-RBCs destroyed faster than they are made
-sickle cell is a type of hemolytic anemia
What does ESR stand for? ✅erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Can the ESR be used to diagnose diseases? ✅no.
How long do mature RBC's survive?
How does the body replace them?
,What organ is
responsible for this?
What hormone is involved? ✅120 days
erythropoiesis
bone marrow, kidney
EPO
What is hemoglobin? Where is it found? ✅Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen.
It is found in the red blood cells.
How does hemoglobin help RBC's carry oxygen to
tissues? What is essential for this function? ✅each heme group contains an iron atom
which binds one oxygen molecule, allowing 4 oxygen molecules to bind each
hemoglobin
-iron in the heme group is essential, also correct temp, pH, altitude, 2-3 BPG
What is blood typing? ✅Determining what blood type you are based on the proteins
located on your red blood cells.
What are the antigens found on cells? ✅A, B, A&B, or none
Which antibodies can be found in the blood? ✅A, B, A&B, or none, Rh factor
How do we determine someone's blood type? ✅add anti b, anti A, and anti Rh (?) to
your blood samples and see if it agglutinates. the one that agglutinates is your blood
type
Does the blood type refer to the antigens on the cell surfaces or the antibodies found in
the plasma? ✅antigens on the cell surfaces
Be able to describe what happens if the wrong blood type is given to a person - for each
blood type. ✅blood agglutinates and clots and you die
Why does cholesterol pose a special problem for transport in our circulation?
✅cholesterol is not very soluble in water, it must be packaged into lipoproteins to travel
through the blood
How do our bodies transport cholesterol (along with some triglycerides and
phospholipids). ✅chylomicrons: transport cholesterol and lipids from intestine to liver
via blood
LDLs: transport cholesterol and lipids from liver to tissues (bad)
, HDLs: transport excess cholesterol from tissues and delivers it to the liver (good)
What is the major organ responsible for synthesizing cholesterol for our bodies? ✅liver
Which is the "good" lipoprotein? Why? ✅HDL because the excess cholesterol from the
tissues is properly disposed of or stored in the liver for future use
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC? ✅~280 million
How many RBCs are produced per second? ✅2.5 million
What is the lifespan of a RBC? ✅120 days
What blood type is the universal donor? ✅O
this means that the isolated RBC's only can be given to anyone - NOT the plasma!
What blood type is the universal recipient? ✅AB
-this means that the isolated
RBC's from any blood type can be given to someone with blood type AB, however the
plasma cannot be given!
Understand the path of blood flow and anatomy of the heart/chambers/valves ✅body --
> superior and inferior vena cavas -->right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --
> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium -->
mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> body
Know the cardiac cycle. ✅
Is blood found in the arteries always oxygenated? ✅No. i.e. blood in the pulmonary
artery
Know the equation for cardiac output. ✅CO = HR x SV
What factors affect SV? ✅1. end diastolic volume (EDV/preload) - volume of blood in
ventricles at end of diastole
2. total peripheral resistance (TPR/afterload) - impedance to blood flow in arteries
3. contractility - strength of ventricular contraction
How does the ANS affect SV? ✅Sympathetic: increase stroke volume (and
contractility)
Parasympathetic: increase stroke volume?
