Bio 436 Lecture 11: Exercise Questions
and Correct Answers
Generation of ATP Equation ✅Food + O2 -> ATP + Heat + CO2 + H2O
Immediate/Short term Energy expenditure ✅Use of energy stored within muscles
themselves (ATP, CrP, glucose, glycogen - also immediate increase need of oxygen
from myoglobin)
Long Term Energy Expenditure ✅1) Release into the blood stream of glucose (from
liver) and ketone bodies derived from fatty acids (from adipose tissue)
2) Increased movement of O2 to tissues
3) removal of heat and waste metabolites like lactate and CO2
Phosphocreatine ✅source of high energy Ps to regenerate ATP from ADP
The transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to phosphocreatine and back, is
accomplished by the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) AKA creatine kinase.
*ATP + Creatine <-CPK-> Phosphocreatine + ADP*
This reaction is completely reversible in the body and is governed by the "Law of Mass
Action".
At rest, phosphocreatine levels are 3x that of ATP.
Myoglobin ✅1 protein unit with 1 heme group
used for immediate O2 needs of muscle cells
Ketone bodies ✅created in the liver from fats
easily goes into the krebs cycle
Glycogen ✅storage form of glucose
Glycolysis ✅Uses ONLY Glucose
Occurs in Cytosol
DOES NOT USE OXYGEN
, Glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules with production of 2 ATP molecules
Oxidative Phosphorylation ✅(Includes Krebs cycle and Electron Chain Transport)
Occurs in Mitochondria
Uses pyruvate from glycolysis AND fatty acids and amino acids from breakdown of
proteins
ABSOLUTELY REQUIRES OXYGEN
MAKES MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ATP
Liver ✅Only tissue which releases glucose into blood from glycogen stores
Maintenance of Blood Glucose ✅Liver release glucose from glycogen stores
Use of alternative substrates to synthesize glucose in liver from gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis ✅formation of glycogen in liver
Functions of Cardiorespiratory system: ✅-Transportation of nutrients/waste products
-maintenance of Blood Pressure
-Transportation of O2 and CO2
-thermoregulation
Cardiovascular Response in Exercise ✅Normal ranges of increased blood flow in
exercise: 5 liter/mm -> 20-30 liters/min
Changes in organ perfusion rates with exercise: Muscle flow rates can increase 10-fold
(but brain rate must be maintained; other organ systems (like digestive, excretory) are
shut down somewhat
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) ✅*MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure (PP)*
PP = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure
Oxyhemoglobin ✅Most O2 in blood is bound to Hb inside RBCs as oxyhemoglobin
-Each RBC has about 280 million molecules of Hb
-Hb greatly increases O2 carrying capacity of blood
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve ✅
Bohr Effect ✅oxyhemoglobin affinity decreases when pH decreases (makes unloading
of O2 into tissues quicker)
and Correct Answers
Generation of ATP Equation ✅Food + O2 -> ATP + Heat + CO2 + H2O
Immediate/Short term Energy expenditure ✅Use of energy stored within muscles
themselves (ATP, CrP, glucose, glycogen - also immediate increase need of oxygen
from myoglobin)
Long Term Energy Expenditure ✅1) Release into the blood stream of glucose (from
liver) and ketone bodies derived from fatty acids (from adipose tissue)
2) Increased movement of O2 to tissues
3) removal of heat and waste metabolites like lactate and CO2
Phosphocreatine ✅source of high energy Ps to regenerate ATP from ADP
The transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to phosphocreatine and back, is
accomplished by the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) AKA creatine kinase.
*ATP + Creatine <-CPK-> Phosphocreatine + ADP*
This reaction is completely reversible in the body and is governed by the "Law of Mass
Action".
At rest, phosphocreatine levels are 3x that of ATP.
Myoglobin ✅1 protein unit with 1 heme group
used for immediate O2 needs of muscle cells
Ketone bodies ✅created in the liver from fats
easily goes into the krebs cycle
Glycogen ✅storage form of glucose
Glycolysis ✅Uses ONLY Glucose
Occurs in Cytosol
DOES NOT USE OXYGEN
, Glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules with production of 2 ATP molecules
Oxidative Phosphorylation ✅(Includes Krebs cycle and Electron Chain Transport)
Occurs in Mitochondria
Uses pyruvate from glycolysis AND fatty acids and amino acids from breakdown of
proteins
ABSOLUTELY REQUIRES OXYGEN
MAKES MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ATP
Liver ✅Only tissue which releases glucose into blood from glycogen stores
Maintenance of Blood Glucose ✅Liver release glucose from glycogen stores
Use of alternative substrates to synthesize glucose in liver from gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis ✅formation of glycogen in liver
Functions of Cardiorespiratory system: ✅-Transportation of nutrients/waste products
-maintenance of Blood Pressure
-Transportation of O2 and CO2
-thermoregulation
Cardiovascular Response in Exercise ✅Normal ranges of increased blood flow in
exercise: 5 liter/mm -> 20-30 liters/min
Changes in organ perfusion rates with exercise: Muscle flow rates can increase 10-fold
(but brain rate must be maintained; other organ systems (like digestive, excretory) are
shut down somewhat
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) ✅*MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure (PP)*
PP = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure
Oxyhemoglobin ✅Most O2 in blood is bound to Hb inside RBCs as oxyhemoglobin
-Each RBC has about 280 million molecules of Hb
-Hb greatly increases O2 carrying capacity of blood
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve ✅
Bohr Effect ✅oxyhemoglobin affinity decreases when pH decreases (makes unloading
of O2 into tissues quicker)
