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Spelling Development (4 Stages) - 1. Pre-phonetic=no relationship between sounds/letters 2. Phonetic=one letter to represent a complex sound 3. Transitional=writing short sentences and small sight vocabulary 4. Conventional=near perfect spelling and massive sight vocabulary Two Way (Dual) Immersion - Ss with different L1's grouped together, true bilingualism, and increase in L1 by explaining themselves SQ3R - Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review Formula for in-depth reading KWL - Know, Want to Know, Learned Improve reading comprehension & textual analysis. Cloze tests - Used to determine whether students will be able to understand a text Leaving out words in a short passage and having students fill in the blanks Content-based ESL Models - 1. Cognitive Academic LAnguage LEarning Approach (CALLA) 2. Specially Designed Academic English (SDAE) -using content area instruction for language instructionLang. Acquisition Hypothesis (Krashen) - subconscious, meaningful communication Monitor Hypothesis (Krashen) - editing and correcting errors in speaking and writing the ways in which lang. learning influences acquisition Natural Order Hypothesis (Krashen) - predictable natural order in which grammar is absorbed Input Hypothesis (Krashen) - lang. is acquired and not learned Affective Filter Hypothesis (Krashen) - how positive and negative factors help/hurt lang. acquisition Top Down in lang. learning - Begins with practical communicative usage that incorporates grammar, vocabulary, phonemic awareness, and other parts of speech Stages of Lang. Acquisition (4 Stages) - 1. Pre-production 2. Early Production 3. Speech Emergence 4. Intermediate Fluency Pre-Production - 500 words, lasts 6 months, lang. is being absorbed, meanings learned (Silent/Receptive Stage) Early Production - Stage II, one word & yes/no responses, 1000 words Speech Emergence - Developing comprehension, fewer errors in speech, reached after 1-3 years, not fluent yetIntermediate Fluency - Speakers exhibit comprehension, complex sentence structures, rich vocab Decoding - reverse of encoding the process of translating written words using letter-sound correspondence and blending the sounds into words Encoding - listening for the phonemes/sounds and deciding which letters represent those phonemes/sounds. Also known as spelling Deculturation - the process where aspects of one culture is lost after contact with another one Cultural Pluralism - a condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences Enculturation - the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc.