Bio 436 Final Exam
1. Intercalated discs Located between where two cardiac cells
meet; contain the gap junctions of the
heart, which allow the passage of small
molecules between adjacent cells & allow
electrical continuity)
2. Desmosomes Form tight junctions between cardiac cells
and keep them together
3. Syncitium Cells that are linked together via gap juc-
tions and act as one large cell (in the
heart, we have two syncitious cells; the
atria and ventricles)
4. Myogenic The atrial and ventricular cells of the heart
are considered myogenic, because of au-
torhythmic cells that are linked to them via
gap junctions
5. SA node Sets the heartbeat frequency & shows the
fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization
6. Sinus Venosus The first chamber of the heart in fish, am-
phibians and reptiles, emptying into the
right atrium
7. Pacemaker potential
8. Cholinergic An effect of the parasympathetic nervous
system (rest & digest)
9. Adrenergic An effect of the sympathetic nervous sys-
tem (fight or flight)
10. Agonist Mimics the effects of the drug in question
(ex: a cholinergic agonist would decrease
heart rate)
11. Antagonist
, Bio 436 Final Exam
Counteracts the effects of the drug in
question (ex: a adrenergic antagonist
would decrease heart rate)
12. Vagus nerve KEY in the parasympathetic NS; slows
heart rate
13. Plateau phase Absent in muscle cells; balance between
inward movement of Na+ and outward
movement of K+
14. 3 characteristics of a PVC 1. NO P-wave
(Pre-ventricular contraction) 2. Large, spread out QRS complex
3. Compensatory pause
15. Epinephrine (EPI) released by the medulla of the adrenal
glands under sympathetic NS stimulation
16. Pilocarpine drug used to treat dry mouth
17. Atropine drug used to treat cardiac arrest
18. HCN (hyperpolarization-activat- "funny channels" that cause the sponta-
ed cyclic-nucleotide) channels neous depolarization of the heart by al-
lowing Na+ to flow through channel
19. Norepinephrine (NE) Hormone used in the sympathetic NS;
released under fight or flight conditions;
released by the SNS postganglions
20. Acetylcholine (ACh) Hormone released by the PARAsympa-
thatic NS; cholinergic effects (slows heart
rate)
21. End Diastolic Volume (EDV) The amount of blood still in the ventricles
after diastole, or filling (effects stroke vol-
ume)
~135 mL
22. End Systolic Volume (ESV)
1. Intercalated discs Located between where two cardiac cells
meet; contain the gap junctions of the
heart, which allow the passage of small
molecules between adjacent cells & allow
electrical continuity)
2. Desmosomes Form tight junctions between cardiac cells
and keep them together
3. Syncitium Cells that are linked together via gap juc-
tions and act as one large cell (in the
heart, we have two syncitious cells; the
atria and ventricles)
4. Myogenic The atrial and ventricular cells of the heart
are considered myogenic, because of au-
torhythmic cells that are linked to them via
gap junctions
5. SA node Sets the heartbeat frequency & shows the
fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization
6. Sinus Venosus The first chamber of the heart in fish, am-
phibians and reptiles, emptying into the
right atrium
7. Pacemaker potential
8. Cholinergic An effect of the parasympathetic nervous
system (rest & digest)
9. Adrenergic An effect of the sympathetic nervous sys-
tem (fight or flight)
10. Agonist Mimics the effects of the drug in question
(ex: a cholinergic agonist would decrease
heart rate)
11. Antagonist
, Bio 436 Final Exam
Counteracts the effects of the drug in
question (ex: a adrenergic antagonist
would decrease heart rate)
12. Vagus nerve KEY in the parasympathetic NS; slows
heart rate
13. Plateau phase Absent in muscle cells; balance between
inward movement of Na+ and outward
movement of K+
14. 3 characteristics of a PVC 1. NO P-wave
(Pre-ventricular contraction) 2. Large, spread out QRS complex
3. Compensatory pause
15. Epinephrine (EPI) released by the medulla of the adrenal
glands under sympathetic NS stimulation
16. Pilocarpine drug used to treat dry mouth
17. Atropine drug used to treat cardiac arrest
18. HCN (hyperpolarization-activat- "funny channels" that cause the sponta-
ed cyclic-nucleotide) channels neous depolarization of the heart by al-
lowing Na+ to flow through channel
19. Norepinephrine (NE) Hormone used in the sympathetic NS;
released under fight or flight conditions;
released by the SNS postganglions
20. Acetylcholine (ACh) Hormone released by the PARAsympa-
thatic NS; cholinergic effects (slows heart
rate)
21. End Diastolic Volume (EDV) The amount of blood still in the ventricles
after diastole, or filling (effects stroke vol-
ume)
~135 mL
22. End Systolic Volume (ESV)
