Portage Learning BIOD
152 A&P 2 Final Exam
Updated 2024 ACTUAL
EXAM already verified
What neurotransmitter is found in the neuromuscular junction? - ACh, Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? -
Dopamine
In a reflex, the ___________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards
the central nervous system. - Sensory (afferent)
T/F: Action potentials travel in one direction within the same neuron. - True
T/F: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain. - False
In a reflex, the __________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway to create
a response. - Motor (efferent)
This is part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses. - the
integration center
Where is the integration center of a reflex located? - CNS (central nervous system)
what portion of the eye supplies blood to other layers of the eye? - choroid
Which of the following is true about reflexes? - Regulation of blood sugar by hormones
is one example of a reflex.
What is false about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - It does not involve interneurons. The
effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
,What is true about stretch reflexes? - The muscle spindle detects the stretch within the
muscle.
What is false about the stretch reflex?
A. the effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle B. The patellar reflex test the
stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris
C. The muscle is spindle detects stretch within the muscle
D. Stretch reflexes help to decrease the stretch on a muscle - A
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A. It does not involve interneurons
B. It involves excitatory interneurons
C. It involves inhibitory interneurons
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
E. A&D
F. B&C - F
Name and discuss the purpose of the region of sperm indicated by the arrow in the
figure below. - Midpiece- contains numerous mitochondria that generate the locomotive
energy needed by the sperm
Name and discuss the purpose of the region of sperm indicated by the arrow in the
figure below. - The head of the sperm contains a lot of the DNA and the acrosomal
digestive enzymes that help break through the female egg.
All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:
A. maintain homeostasis
B. controls the pituitary gland
C. links the nervous and endocrine systems
D. relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum - D
What sense does not have specialized sense organs?A. smell B. touch C. equilibrium
D. A&C - B
You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway
of the reflex that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the
reflex. - Flexor withdrawal reflex:
- Pain receptor in skin.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- (1) Excitatory to biceps
- (2) Inhibitory to triceps
- Motor neurons: contract biceps, inhibit triceps
- Action: Elbow flexion pulls hand away
3 steps of urine formation are - filtration, reabsorption, secretion
, Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous
pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action
of the reflex. - - Stretch on patellar tendon.
- Muscle spindle detects stretch.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- Synapses directly on a motor neuron
- Action: Quad contracts kicking foot out
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the
nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of
their arms and legs. Explain why this occurs. - Myelin increases nerve conduction speed
and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower
than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage
without the myelin present for protection.
List the order of the protective layers of the kidney (superficial to deep). Which is
responsible for anchoring the kidney inside the abdominal cavity? - Renal fascia >
adipose capsule > renal capsuleThe renal fascia anchors the kidney in place.
Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of
Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to
contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur. - Acetylcholine triggers the release
of sodium ions. The sodium ions reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which in turn release
calcium ions that begin muscle contraction. If ACh is not able to be released, the muscle
contraction would not be possible.
This is the most superficial layer of the brain meninges. - Dura mater (menix)
This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. - pia mater
List and describe the 3 meninges of the human brain - 1. the leathery dura mater which
is double-layered
2. The middle arachnoid meninx which is a looser layer
3. the Inner Pia meninx is composed of connective tissue and is tightly attached to the
brain
The _________ fissure separates the left and the right cerebral hemispheres. - Median
longitudinal.
The part of the brain (indicated by the blue pin) in the picture above is: - rostral
cerebrum
Match each of the following nervous structures with the correct description. -
Cerebrospinal fluid: Cushions the brain and the spinal cord by providing buoyancy,
152 A&P 2 Final Exam
Updated 2024 ACTUAL
EXAM already verified
What neurotransmitter is found in the neuromuscular junction? - ACh, Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? -
Dopamine
In a reflex, the ___________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards
the central nervous system. - Sensory (afferent)
T/F: Action potentials travel in one direction within the same neuron. - True
T/F: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain. - False
In a reflex, the __________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway to create
a response. - Motor (efferent)
This is part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses. - the
integration center
Where is the integration center of a reflex located? - CNS (central nervous system)
what portion of the eye supplies blood to other layers of the eye? - choroid
Which of the following is true about reflexes? - Regulation of blood sugar by hormones
is one example of a reflex.
What is false about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - It does not involve interneurons. The
effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
,What is true about stretch reflexes? - The muscle spindle detects the stretch within the
muscle.
What is false about the stretch reflex?
A. the effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle B. The patellar reflex test the
stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris
C. The muscle is spindle detects stretch within the muscle
D. Stretch reflexes help to decrease the stretch on a muscle - A
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A. It does not involve interneurons
B. It involves excitatory interneurons
C. It involves inhibitory interneurons
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
E. A&D
F. B&C - F
Name and discuss the purpose of the region of sperm indicated by the arrow in the
figure below. - Midpiece- contains numerous mitochondria that generate the locomotive
energy needed by the sperm
Name and discuss the purpose of the region of sperm indicated by the arrow in the
figure below. - The head of the sperm contains a lot of the DNA and the acrosomal
digestive enzymes that help break through the female egg.
All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:
A. maintain homeostasis
B. controls the pituitary gland
C. links the nervous and endocrine systems
D. relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum - D
What sense does not have specialized sense organs?A. smell B. touch C. equilibrium
D. A&C - B
You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway
of the reflex that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the
reflex. - Flexor withdrawal reflex:
- Pain receptor in skin.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- (1) Excitatory to biceps
- (2) Inhibitory to triceps
- Motor neurons: contract biceps, inhibit triceps
- Action: Elbow flexion pulls hand away
3 steps of urine formation are - filtration, reabsorption, secretion
, Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous
pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action
of the reflex. - - Stretch on patellar tendon.
- Muscle spindle detects stretch.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- Synapses directly on a motor neuron
- Action: Quad contracts kicking foot out
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the
nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of
their arms and legs. Explain why this occurs. - Myelin increases nerve conduction speed
and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower
than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage
without the myelin present for protection.
List the order of the protective layers of the kidney (superficial to deep). Which is
responsible for anchoring the kidney inside the abdominal cavity? - Renal fascia >
adipose capsule > renal capsuleThe renal fascia anchors the kidney in place.
Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of
Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to
contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur. - Acetylcholine triggers the release
of sodium ions. The sodium ions reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which in turn release
calcium ions that begin muscle contraction. If ACh is not able to be released, the muscle
contraction would not be possible.
This is the most superficial layer of the brain meninges. - Dura mater (menix)
This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. - pia mater
List and describe the 3 meninges of the human brain - 1. the leathery dura mater which
is double-layered
2. The middle arachnoid meninx which is a looser layer
3. the Inner Pia meninx is composed of connective tissue and is tightly attached to the
brain
The _________ fissure separates the left and the right cerebral hemispheres. - Median
longitudinal.
The part of the brain (indicated by the blue pin) in the picture above is: - rostral
cerebrum
Match each of the following nervous structures with the correct description. -
Cerebrospinal fluid: Cushions the brain and the spinal cord by providing buoyancy,
