PORTAGE LEARNING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2024-2025
WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS|FREQUENTLY
TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
|ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|
GUARANTEED PASS |LATEST UPDATE
What are the 5 ways cells can be damaged?
1. Physical (fractures, burns)
2. Radiation (cancer treatment, sunburn)
3. Chemical (drugs, lead toxicity)
4. Biologic agents (parasites, bacteria, viruses)
5. Nutritional Imbalances (excess or deficiency)
Pears Really Can Be Nasty
What are the mechanisms of cell injury?
1. Free radical formation - ROS (reactive oxygen species) exceeds body's ability to neutralize/eliminate
leading to oxidative stress
2. hypoxia - low O2 delivery to tissues. Decreased O2 impairs oxidative metabolism, resulting in
decreased production of ATP
3. disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis - cells release vesicles leading to increase in calcium
within the cell and disruption of cell function
what is a free radical?
A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons
1|Page
,apoptosis
programmed cell death
What are the 4 types of necrosis
1. coagulative - sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia)
2. liquefactive - cells die but catalytic enzymes are not destroyed (brain infarcts or abscesses)
3. caseous - granulomatous inflammation (tuberculosis)
4. gangrene - dry (affected tissue becomes dehydrated-slow spread); wet (affected tissue is cold,
swollen, pulseless-rapid spread)
homeostasis
the ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes on the inside (Dynamic State of
Equilibrium)
negative feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
(vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
positive feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions to enhance/increase the stimulus
what are the 3 types of intercellular junctions?
1. tight junctions
2. adhering junctions
3. gap junctions
tight junctions
keep fluid from entering the intercellular spaces by connecting neighboring cells; found in epithelial
tissue
adhering junctions/desmosomes
prevent cell separation by forming strong adhesion between cells
gap junctions
form channels in the cytoplasm of each cell to join neighboring cell membranes
Definition of Pathophysiology
the study of the body's response to altered function or disease
What are the 5 etiologic factors (w/ examples)
1. Physical (trauma, burns, radiation)
2. Chemical (poisons, alcohol)
3. Biological (bacteria, viruses)
2|Page
,4. Genetic disposition
5. Nutritional imbalances (deficiencies, excesses)
Please Call Billy Goat Now
What are the 2 types of risk factors?
1. congenital conditions (present at birth)
2. acquired defects (occurring after birth)
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events at the cellular/tissue level that eventually lead to disease development
What is the difference between MORPHOLOGY and HISTOLOGY?
Morphology is the structure of a cell or tissue.
Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix at the tissue level
Signs vs. Symptoms (example of each)
Signs - objective manifestations (dilated pupils, elevated heart rate)
Symptoms - subjective complaints (stomach pain, trouble breathing)
Sequelae
Impairments/lesions resulting from a disease or injury
What are 3 processes needed when coming to a diagnosis?
1. patient history
2. physical exam
3. diagnostic tests
PPD
Validity
how a tool measures what it is supposed to measure
Reliability
the likelihood of the same result occurring if the test is repeated
Sensitivity
True pos - proportion of people with the disease who are positive for the disease
Specificity
True neg - proportion of people without the disease who are negative for the disease
What is the definition of Epidemiology and what does it track?
3|Page
, The study of how disease occurrence effects the human population. It tracks social determinants of
health (i.e. age, race, geographic location, dietary habits)
Predictive value
Ability of a test result/observation to predict the presence of a given disease
Clinical course
Development of disease. Categorized in 3 ways:
1. Acute: severe but self limiting
2. Chronic: long term w exacerbations of symptoms and remissions
3. Subacute: bw the first two (not as severe/prolonged as acute/chronic)
Incidence
# of NEW cases in a population at risk at a specified time
Prevalence
# of existing cases in a population at a given time
Mortality
death rate; cause of death in a population
Morbidity
The effect of a disease on quality of life
Prognosis
A forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease
(Survival time, potential complications, risk of treatment, personal health and social history all taken
into account)
Primary Prevention
Eliminating risk factors to prevent disease from occuring (vaccinating children, diet)
Secondary Prevention
Detect and treat disease early, usually while treatable and asymptomatic (annual pap smears,
colonoscopy screening)
Tertiary Prevention
Clinical intervention to reduce complications/deterioration after disease is diagnosed (medications after
a heart attack, dialysis)
Why is evidence-based practice important?
The conscientious reliance on current best, scientific evidence when caring for patients as to
avoid/counteract "the way things have always been done"
4|Page
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2024-2025
WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS|FREQUENTLY
TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
|ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|
GUARANTEED PASS |LATEST UPDATE
What are the 5 ways cells can be damaged?
1. Physical (fractures, burns)
2. Radiation (cancer treatment, sunburn)
3. Chemical (drugs, lead toxicity)
4. Biologic agents (parasites, bacteria, viruses)
5. Nutritional Imbalances (excess or deficiency)
Pears Really Can Be Nasty
What are the mechanisms of cell injury?
1. Free radical formation - ROS (reactive oxygen species) exceeds body's ability to neutralize/eliminate
leading to oxidative stress
2. hypoxia - low O2 delivery to tissues. Decreased O2 impairs oxidative metabolism, resulting in
decreased production of ATP
3. disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis - cells release vesicles leading to increase in calcium
within the cell and disruption of cell function
what is a free radical?
A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons
1|Page
,apoptosis
programmed cell death
What are the 4 types of necrosis
1. coagulative - sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia)
2. liquefactive - cells die but catalytic enzymes are not destroyed (brain infarcts or abscesses)
3. caseous - granulomatous inflammation (tuberculosis)
4. gangrene - dry (affected tissue becomes dehydrated-slow spread); wet (affected tissue is cold,
swollen, pulseless-rapid spread)
homeostasis
the ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes on the inside (Dynamic State of
Equilibrium)
negative feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
(vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
positive feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions to enhance/increase the stimulus
what are the 3 types of intercellular junctions?
1. tight junctions
2. adhering junctions
3. gap junctions
tight junctions
keep fluid from entering the intercellular spaces by connecting neighboring cells; found in epithelial
tissue
adhering junctions/desmosomes
prevent cell separation by forming strong adhesion between cells
gap junctions
form channels in the cytoplasm of each cell to join neighboring cell membranes
Definition of Pathophysiology
the study of the body's response to altered function or disease
What are the 5 etiologic factors (w/ examples)
1. Physical (trauma, burns, radiation)
2. Chemical (poisons, alcohol)
3. Biological (bacteria, viruses)
2|Page
,4. Genetic disposition
5. Nutritional imbalances (deficiencies, excesses)
Please Call Billy Goat Now
What are the 2 types of risk factors?
1. congenital conditions (present at birth)
2. acquired defects (occurring after birth)
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events at the cellular/tissue level that eventually lead to disease development
What is the difference between MORPHOLOGY and HISTOLOGY?
Morphology is the structure of a cell or tissue.
Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix at the tissue level
Signs vs. Symptoms (example of each)
Signs - objective manifestations (dilated pupils, elevated heart rate)
Symptoms - subjective complaints (stomach pain, trouble breathing)
Sequelae
Impairments/lesions resulting from a disease or injury
What are 3 processes needed when coming to a diagnosis?
1. patient history
2. physical exam
3. diagnostic tests
PPD
Validity
how a tool measures what it is supposed to measure
Reliability
the likelihood of the same result occurring if the test is repeated
Sensitivity
True pos - proportion of people with the disease who are positive for the disease
Specificity
True neg - proportion of people without the disease who are negative for the disease
What is the definition of Epidemiology and what does it track?
3|Page
, The study of how disease occurrence effects the human population. It tracks social determinants of
health (i.e. age, race, geographic location, dietary habits)
Predictive value
Ability of a test result/observation to predict the presence of a given disease
Clinical course
Development of disease. Categorized in 3 ways:
1. Acute: severe but self limiting
2. Chronic: long term w exacerbations of symptoms and remissions
3. Subacute: bw the first two (not as severe/prolonged as acute/chronic)
Incidence
# of NEW cases in a population at risk at a specified time
Prevalence
# of existing cases in a population at a given time
Mortality
death rate; cause of death in a population
Morbidity
The effect of a disease on quality of life
Prognosis
A forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease
(Survival time, potential complications, risk of treatment, personal health and social history all taken
into account)
Primary Prevention
Eliminating risk factors to prevent disease from occuring (vaccinating children, diet)
Secondary Prevention
Detect and treat disease early, usually while treatable and asymptomatic (annual pap smears,
colonoscopy screening)
Tertiary Prevention
Clinical intervention to reduce complications/deterioration after disease is diagnosed (medications after
a heart attack, dialysis)
Why is evidence-based practice important?
The conscientious reliance on current best, scientific evidence when caring for patients as to
avoid/counteract "the way things have always been done"
4|Page
