FAD3220 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS CURRENT UPDATE
lifespan development - Answer -the field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
Physical Development - Answer -development involving the body's physical makeup,
including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink,
and sleep
cognitive development - Answer -development involving the ways that growth and
change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
personality development - Answer -development involving the ways that the enduring
characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span
Social Development - Answer -the way in which individuals' interactions with others and
their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
prenatal period - Answer -conception to birth
infancy and toddlerhood - Answer -birth to age 3
preschool period - Answer -3-6 years
middle childhood - Answer -6 to 12
adolescence - Answer -12 to 20
young adulthood - Answer -20-40 years
middle adulthood - Answer -40 to 60
late adulthood - Answer -60 to death
social construction - Answer -a shared notion of reality, one that is widely accepted but
is a function of society and culture at a given time
cohort - Answer -a group of people from a given time period
history-graded influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences associated
with a particular historical moment
,age-graded influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences that are
similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are
raised
sociocultural-graded influences - Answer -the social and cultural factors present at a
particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity,
social class, and subcultural membership
non-normative life events - Answer -specific, atypical events that occur in a particular
person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people
continous development - Answer -development is gradual, with achievements at one
level building on those of previous levels.
Discontinuos Development - Answer -development that occurs in distinct steps or
stages, with each stage brining new behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively
different
Critical Peroid - Answer -a specific time in development when a particular event has its
greatest consequences and presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli
necessary for development to proceed normally
sensitive period - Answer -a point in development when organisms are particularly
susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those
stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
nature - Answer -traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents.
Maturation - Answer -the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
nurture - Answer -refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior
theories - Answer -Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of
interest
psychodynamic perspective - Answer -the approach that states behavior is motivated by
inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and
control
psychoanalytic theory - Answer -the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that
unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
pleasure principle - Answer -goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
reality principle - Answer -instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety
of the individual and help integrate the person into society
, psychosexual development - Answer -according to Freud, a series of stages that
children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular
biological function and body part
Fixation - Answer -behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to an
unresolved conflict
psychosocial development - Answer -According to Erikson, development that
encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as
members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior
Behavioral Perspective - Answer -The approach that suggests that observable,
measurable behavior should be the focus of study.
classical conditioning - Answer -a type of learning in which an organism responds in a
particular way to neutral stimulus that normally does not bring out that type of response
operant conditioning - Answer -a form of learning in which a voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
punishment - Answer -the introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus of the
removal of a desirable stimulus, will decrease the probability that a preceding behavior
will occur in the future
behavior modification - Answer -a formal technique for promoting the frequency of
desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
social cognitive learning theory - Answer -learning by observing the behavior of another
person, called a model
cognitive perspective - Answer -focuses on the processes that allow people to know,
understand, and think about the world
Assimilation - Answer -process in which people understand new experience in terms of
their stage of cognitive development and existing ways of thinking
accomidation - Answer -adapting current schemas to incorporate new information
information processing approaches - Answer -the model that seeks to identify the ways
individuals take in, use, and store information
cognitive neuroscience approaches - Answer -the approach that examines cognitive
development through the lens of brain processes
SOLUTIONS CURRENT UPDATE
lifespan development - Answer -the field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
Physical Development - Answer -development involving the body's physical makeup,
including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink,
and sleep
cognitive development - Answer -development involving the ways that growth and
change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
personality development - Answer -development involving the ways that the enduring
characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span
Social Development - Answer -the way in which individuals' interactions with others and
their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
prenatal period - Answer -conception to birth
infancy and toddlerhood - Answer -birth to age 3
preschool period - Answer -3-6 years
middle childhood - Answer -6 to 12
adolescence - Answer -12 to 20
young adulthood - Answer -20-40 years
middle adulthood - Answer -40 to 60
late adulthood - Answer -60 to death
social construction - Answer -a shared notion of reality, one that is widely accepted but
is a function of society and culture at a given time
cohort - Answer -a group of people from a given time period
history-graded influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences associated
with a particular historical moment
,age-graded influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences that are
similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are
raised
sociocultural-graded influences - Answer -the social and cultural factors present at a
particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity,
social class, and subcultural membership
non-normative life events - Answer -specific, atypical events that occur in a particular
person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people
continous development - Answer -development is gradual, with achievements at one
level building on those of previous levels.
Discontinuos Development - Answer -development that occurs in distinct steps or
stages, with each stage brining new behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively
different
Critical Peroid - Answer -a specific time in development when a particular event has its
greatest consequences and presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli
necessary for development to proceed normally
sensitive period - Answer -a point in development when organisms are particularly
susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those
stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
nature - Answer -traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents.
Maturation - Answer -the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
nurture - Answer -refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior
theories - Answer -Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of
interest
psychodynamic perspective - Answer -the approach that states behavior is motivated by
inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and
control
psychoanalytic theory - Answer -the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that
unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
pleasure principle - Answer -goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
reality principle - Answer -instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety
of the individual and help integrate the person into society
, psychosexual development - Answer -according to Freud, a series of stages that
children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular
biological function and body part
Fixation - Answer -behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to an
unresolved conflict
psychosocial development - Answer -According to Erikson, development that
encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as
members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior
Behavioral Perspective - Answer -The approach that suggests that observable,
measurable behavior should be the focus of study.
classical conditioning - Answer -a type of learning in which an organism responds in a
particular way to neutral stimulus that normally does not bring out that type of response
operant conditioning - Answer -a form of learning in which a voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
punishment - Answer -the introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus of the
removal of a desirable stimulus, will decrease the probability that a preceding behavior
will occur in the future
behavior modification - Answer -a formal technique for promoting the frequency of
desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
social cognitive learning theory - Answer -learning by observing the behavior of another
person, called a model
cognitive perspective - Answer -focuses on the processes that allow people to know,
understand, and think about the world
Assimilation - Answer -process in which people understand new experience in terms of
their stage of cognitive development and existing ways of thinking
accomidation - Answer -adapting current schemas to incorporate new information
information processing approaches - Answer -the model that seeks to identify the ways
individuals take in, use, and store information
cognitive neuroscience approaches - Answer -the approach that examines cognitive
development through the lens of brain processes
