Micro 202 Exam 2
•Types of RNA involved in Transcription/Translation - ANSWER-Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer
A patient's tests come back, indicative a heavy presence of bacteria in the bloodstream/tissues. What
has occurred?
A.Sepsis
B.Asepsis
C.Desiccation
D.Lyophilization - ANSWER-A. Sepsis
Alcohols - ANSWER-•Effectively kill bacteria & fungi
•Not endospores & nonenveloped viruses
•Clostridium difficile ("C. diff")
•Denatures protein, disrupts membranes
•Act and evaporate quickly
Often combined w/ other antimicrobials to enhance
Aldehydes - ANSWER-•Among the most effective; inactivate proteins
•Formaldehyde
•Historically used in vaccines, biological specimen preservation
•Glutaraldehyde
•Less irritating, more effective
•Used to disinfect hospital equipment
•Can be considered sterilizing agent
(10 minutes for most, 3hrsfor spores)
Alteration of Membrane Permeability - ANSWER-Damage to lipids/proteins of membrane causes leakage
An increase in which of these will most likely result in more effective microbial control?
A.Exposure time
B.Presence of organic material
C.Concentration of disinfectant
D.All of the above - ANSWER-A. Exposure time
Antimicrobial - ANSWER-usually constant rate of death
Antisepsis - ANSWER-disinfection, but on living tissue
,Micro 202 Exam 2
artificial selection - ANSWER-Selective breeding
•Using techniques to isolate & grow pure cultures
•Produce beer more efficiently
•New antibiotics
Aspepsis - ANSWER-absence of significant contamination
bacteriostatsis - ANSWER-treatment capable of inhibiting growth/multiplication of microbes
Does not mean they are gone!
Bergey's Manual (1923) - ANSWER-•Widely used reference for identifying bacteria
•Cell wall, morphology, staining, etc.
Between Southern Blot and Western Blot, which one uses proteins/antigens instead of DNA?
A. Western
B. Southern - ANSWER-A. Western
Biochemical tests - ANSWER-•Rely on enzymatic activity to differentiate organisms
•Widely used
•Also provide insight into a species' niche within an ecosystem
•e.g. bacteria that can fix nitrogen or oxidize sulfur
Biochemical Tests: •Selective media - ANSWER-Contain ingredients that control for growth of desired
microbe
Biochemical Tests: Differential media - ANSWER-Contain ingredients that visually distinguish desired
microbe
Biochemical Tests: Limitations - ANSWER-•Mutations & gene transfer can result in strains w/ different
characteristics
•Lots of tests needed to narrow down candidates
biocide/germicide - ANSWER-substance capable of killing microorganisms (usually with exceptions -
endospores)
Fungicide, virucide
Biotechnology definition - ANSWER-the industrial application of microbes, cells, or cell components to
make a useful product
Bisphenols - ANSWER-•Phenol derivative, contains two phenol groups w/ bridge
•Hexachlorophene
, Micro 202 Exam 2
•G+ staph/strep à Newborn skin infections
•Triclosan
•Widely used commercially
•Banned by FDA in most home consumption products
blue white screening for selecting a cone - ANSWER-•Plasmid vector contains ampicillin resistance gene
•If clone has vector, it will grow in amp. (present in media)
•Also contains gene for β-galactosidase
•Breaks down X-gal (present in media)
•Broken down into sugar & blue color
•Can't break down if foreign DNA present
Desired gene = foreign DNA; if present, blue color won't show
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER-Describes complete flow of information in a cell
Chemical sterilization - ANSWER-•Liquid sterilization possible, but not practical
•Thus, gas can be used
•Closed chamber, like autoclave
•Ethylene oxide - requires lengthy exposure; toxic & explosive in pure form à thus, mixed w/ CO2
•Pros: usable at moderate temps, highly penetrative
•e.g. mattress sterilization
Chromosomes - ANSWER-physical structures containing DNA
•Contain genes
Commonly used vectors - ANSWER-•Plasmids
•Viral DNA
•Usually accept much larger foreign DNA pieces than plasmids
•Pathogenicity is removed, corrective genes inserted into human cells w/ defective genes
•Basis of gene therapy
Damage to DNA/RNA - ANSWER-No replication or protein synthesis
Damage to proteins - ANSWER-Broken bonds in 3-D folds of proteins/enzymes
-Denaturation
•Types of RNA involved in Transcription/Translation - ANSWER-Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer
A patient's tests come back, indicative a heavy presence of bacteria in the bloodstream/tissues. What
has occurred?
A.Sepsis
B.Asepsis
C.Desiccation
D.Lyophilization - ANSWER-A. Sepsis
Alcohols - ANSWER-•Effectively kill bacteria & fungi
•Not endospores & nonenveloped viruses
•Clostridium difficile ("C. diff")
•Denatures protein, disrupts membranes
•Act and evaporate quickly
Often combined w/ other antimicrobials to enhance
Aldehydes - ANSWER-•Among the most effective; inactivate proteins
•Formaldehyde
•Historically used in vaccines, biological specimen preservation
•Glutaraldehyde
•Less irritating, more effective
•Used to disinfect hospital equipment
•Can be considered sterilizing agent
(10 minutes for most, 3hrsfor spores)
Alteration of Membrane Permeability - ANSWER-Damage to lipids/proteins of membrane causes leakage
An increase in which of these will most likely result in more effective microbial control?
A.Exposure time
B.Presence of organic material
C.Concentration of disinfectant
D.All of the above - ANSWER-A. Exposure time
Antimicrobial - ANSWER-usually constant rate of death
Antisepsis - ANSWER-disinfection, but on living tissue
,Micro 202 Exam 2
artificial selection - ANSWER-Selective breeding
•Using techniques to isolate & grow pure cultures
•Produce beer more efficiently
•New antibiotics
Aspepsis - ANSWER-absence of significant contamination
bacteriostatsis - ANSWER-treatment capable of inhibiting growth/multiplication of microbes
Does not mean they are gone!
Bergey's Manual (1923) - ANSWER-•Widely used reference for identifying bacteria
•Cell wall, morphology, staining, etc.
Between Southern Blot and Western Blot, which one uses proteins/antigens instead of DNA?
A. Western
B. Southern - ANSWER-A. Western
Biochemical tests - ANSWER-•Rely on enzymatic activity to differentiate organisms
•Widely used
•Also provide insight into a species' niche within an ecosystem
•e.g. bacteria that can fix nitrogen or oxidize sulfur
Biochemical Tests: •Selective media - ANSWER-Contain ingredients that control for growth of desired
microbe
Biochemical Tests: Differential media - ANSWER-Contain ingredients that visually distinguish desired
microbe
Biochemical Tests: Limitations - ANSWER-•Mutations & gene transfer can result in strains w/ different
characteristics
•Lots of tests needed to narrow down candidates
biocide/germicide - ANSWER-substance capable of killing microorganisms (usually with exceptions -
endospores)
Fungicide, virucide
Biotechnology definition - ANSWER-the industrial application of microbes, cells, or cell components to
make a useful product
Bisphenols - ANSWER-•Phenol derivative, contains two phenol groups w/ bridge
•Hexachlorophene
, Micro 202 Exam 2
•G+ staph/strep à Newborn skin infections
•Triclosan
•Widely used commercially
•Banned by FDA in most home consumption products
blue white screening for selecting a cone - ANSWER-•Plasmid vector contains ampicillin resistance gene
•If clone has vector, it will grow in amp. (present in media)
•Also contains gene for β-galactosidase
•Breaks down X-gal (present in media)
•Broken down into sugar & blue color
•Can't break down if foreign DNA present
Desired gene = foreign DNA; if present, blue color won't show
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - ANSWER-Describes complete flow of information in a cell
Chemical sterilization - ANSWER-•Liquid sterilization possible, but not practical
•Thus, gas can be used
•Closed chamber, like autoclave
•Ethylene oxide - requires lengthy exposure; toxic & explosive in pure form à thus, mixed w/ CO2
•Pros: usable at moderate temps, highly penetrative
•e.g. mattress sterilization
Chromosomes - ANSWER-physical structures containing DNA
•Contain genes
Commonly used vectors - ANSWER-•Plasmids
•Viral DNA
•Usually accept much larger foreign DNA pieces than plasmids
•Pathogenicity is removed, corrective genes inserted into human cells w/ defective genes
•Basis of gene therapy
Damage to DNA/RNA - ANSWER-No replication or protein synthesis
Damage to proteins - ANSWER-Broken bonds in 3-D folds of proteins/enzymes
-Denaturation
