NUR2790 Oncology: Nursing Management in Cancer Care-
Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest Update
2024/2025
Carcinogen - ✔️✔️An agent that can cause cancer; can be chemicals, viruses, hormones, ionizing
radiation, or solid materials.
1. Alter the DNA of the cell, which will either causes the cell to be repair or die.
2. Tobacco smoke thought to be the single most lethal chemical carcinogen, accounts for at least
30% of cancer deaths in human.
Carcinogenesis - ✔️✔️Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells
Thrombocytopenia - ✔️✔️A decrease in the number of circulating platelets (count falls below
100,000) associated with potential bleeding. Often results from bone marrow depression after
certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and with tumor infiltration of the bone
marrow.
a. Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000
b. At high risk for bleeding when platelet counts fall below 20,000.
Nursing Interventions:
a. The nurse must report any plt counts less than 50,000 to the primary care provider and prevent
risk for bleeding.
b. Assess for potential for bleeding: monitor platelet count.
Metastasis - ✔️✔️1. Spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites
2. Stage IV
3. Malignant Cancer Cells: demonstrate uncontrolled growth that does not follow physiologic
demand.
4. The cell membrane of the cancer cells contain a protein known as tumor- specific antigen (CEA-
carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate specific antigen (PSA) which develop overtime.
4. The nuclei of cancer cells are large and irregular.
5. Definate test for cancer is Biopsy
Description of Staging Tumors - ✔️✔️Staging
• Tumor, nodes, metastasis (TNM) staging system for cancer is used to indicate tumor size, spread to
lymph nodes, and extent of metastasis.
, Stage 0: Cancer in situ
Stage I: Tumor limited to the tissue origin Stage II: Limited local spread; includes spread to the
nearest lymph nodes; localized tumor that invades past the basement membrane, below the surface
epithelium of the organ into the parenchyma or stroma.
Stage III: Extensive local and regional; usually indicates more extensive lymph node involvement
Stage IV: Metastasis; distant spread
Description of Grading Tumors - ✔️✔️GX: Grade cannot be assessed
G1: Well differentiated (less malignant)
G2: Moderately differentiated
G3: Poorly differentiated (high grade)
G4: Undifferentiated or poorly differentiated or undifferentiated
(most malignant)
Dysplasia - ✔️✔️bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from
other cells of the same tissue type
Leukopenia - ✔️✔️A condition in which there are fewer
leukocytes (WBC) than normal in circulation
a. Chemo and radiation therapy tend to decrease a patient's white blood cells
b. reduces defense mechanisms, increasing the risk of infections
Polycythemia - ✔️✔️Increase volume of erythrocytes
b. hematocrit is elevated more than 55% in males, more than 50% in females.
c. Secondary polycythemia is caused by excessive production of erythropoietin. This may occur in
response to a reduced amount of oxygen.
Anemia - ✔️✔️A decrease in red blood cells resulted in low hemoglobin and hematocrit
a. Abnormal lab values must be report to primary care providers ASAP because these patients may
need blood transfusion
b. Normal hemoglobin:
Female 12-16 g/100ml
Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest Update
2024/2025
Carcinogen - ✔️✔️An agent that can cause cancer; can be chemicals, viruses, hormones, ionizing
radiation, or solid materials.
1. Alter the DNA of the cell, which will either causes the cell to be repair or die.
2. Tobacco smoke thought to be the single most lethal chemical carcinogen, accounts for at least
30% of cancer deaths in human.
Carcinogenesis - ✔️✔️Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells
Thrombocytopenia - ✔️✔️A decrease in the number of circulating platelets (count falls below
100,000) associated with potential bleeding. Often results from bone marrow depression after
certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and with tumor infiltration of the bone
marrow.
a. Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000
b. At high risk for bleeding when platelet counts fall below 20,000.
Nursing Interventions:
a. The nurse must report any plt counts less than 50,000 to the primary care provider and prevent
risk for bleeding.
b. Assess for potential for bleeding: monitor platelet count.
Metastasis - ✔️✔️1. Spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites
2. Stage IV
3. Malignant Cancer Cells: demonstrate uncontrolled growth that does not follow physiologic
demand.
4. The cell membrane of the cancer cells contain a protein known as tumor- specific antigen (CEA-
carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate specific antigen (PSA) which develop overtime.
4. The nuclei of cancer cells are large and irregular.
5. Definate test for cancer is Biopsy
Description of Staging Tumors - ✔️✔️Staging
• Tumor, nodes, metastasis (TNM) staging system for cancer is used to indicate tumor size, spread to
lymph nodes, and extent of metastasis.
, Stage 0: Cancer in situ
Stage I: Tumor limited to the tissue origin Stage II: Limited local spread; includes spread to the
nearest lymph nodes; localized tumor that invades past the basement membrane, below the surface
epithelium of the organ into the parenchyma or stroma.
Stage III: Extensive local and regional; usually indicates more extensive lymph node involvement
Stage IV: Metastasis; distant spread
Description of Grading Tumors - ✔️✔️GX: Grade cannot be assessed
G1: Well differentiated (less malignant)
G2: Moderately differentiated
G3: Poorly differentiated (high grade)
G4: Undifferentiated or poorly differentiated or undifferentiated
(most malignant)
Dysplasia - ✔️✔️bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from
other cells of the same tissue type
Leukopenia - ✔️✔️A condition in which there are fewer
leukocytes (WBC) than normal in circulation
a. Chemo and radiation therapy tend to decrease a patient's white blood cells
b. reduces defense mechanisms, increasing the risk of infections
Polycythemia - ✔️✔️Increase volume of erythrocytes
b. hematocrit is elevated more than 55% in males, more than 50% in females.
c. Secondary polycythemia is caused by excessive production of erythropoietin. This may occur in
response to a reduced amount of oxygen.
Anemia - ✔️✔️A decrease in red blood cells resulted in low hemoglobin and hematocrit
a. Abnormal lab values must be report to primary care providers ASAP because these patients may
need blood transfusion
b. Normal hemoglobin:
Female 12-16 g/100ml
