1|Pag e
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231 FINAL EXAM
REVIEW PORTAGE|| ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+||
ASSURED PASS!!!
What are the myenteric and submucosal plexuses?
The stomach churns and mixes food in a peristaltic fashion of 3-5 contractions per
minute, each lasting 2-20 seconds. Contraction of the antrum pushes food toward
the closed pyloric sphincter. Larger particles are returned to the body of the
stomach for further churning. The other contents are emptied into the duodenum
between contractions.
Explain how the stomach churns food:
Segmentation waves are slow contractions of the circular muscle layer. They
occlude the lumen and push the contents forward and backward. Segmentation
waves use 1 to 4 cm of intestine at a time. During this activity, chyme is mixed
with the digestive enzymes from the pancreas and all surface area is exposed to the
intestinal surface for absorption.
Peristaltic movements are rhythmic movements designed to propel the chyme
along the small intestine toward the large intestine. Peristaltic movements contract,
then relax, always in one direction.
Describe the 2 patterns of contraction in the small intestine:
,2|Pag e
The first include segmental mixing movements called haustral churning, since they
occur in compartments called haustra. These movements fill and expel contents in
the haustra, to ensure all surface area of the fecal mass are exposed to the intestinal
surface.
The second type are the propulsive mass movements, in which a large segment of
the colon (≥20 cm) contracts as a unit, moving the fecal contents forward. These
mass movements last about 30 seconds, followed by a 2-3-minute period of
relaxation, then another contraction.
Explain the 2 patterns of motility in the large intestine:
Parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells
What are the three main cells in the stomach necessary for digestion?
Diverticulosis refers to herniation of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular
layer of the colonic wall. When these pouches become inflamed or infected, it is
called diverticulitis, which can cause left lower abdominal pain, fever, and GI
bleeding.
What is diverticulosis and diverticulitis?
IBS symptoms include recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort that is associated
with a change in stool frequency or form. The pain or discomfort may be relieved
,3|Pag e
by defecation. The pain is usually intermittent, cramping, and in the lower
abdomen. There may be varying complaints of flatulence, bloating, nausea and
anorexia, constipation or diarrhea, and anxiety or depression.
What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
The normal squamous mucosa that lines the esophagus is gradually replaced by
abnormal columnar epithelium (as seen in the stomach or intestines). Barrett
esophagus is a major risk factor for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.
What is Barrett esophagus?
The two most common causes of PUD include H. pylori infection and the use of
aspirin and other NSAIDs.
What are the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcer disease?
Bilirubin
What is the final product of heme breakdown?
Cirrhosis can develop from viral hepatitis, toxic reactions to drugs and chemicals,
biliary obstruction, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but is most commonly
, 4|Pag e
associated with alcoholism. Cirrhosis can also occur from metabolic disorders that
cause deposition of minerals in the liver.
What are the common causes of cirrhosis?
NAFLD is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the Western
world. It is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes,
hyperlipidemia).
What is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
Gallstones; cholesterol
What is cholelithiasis and what are they primarily made of?
Releases insulin
The liver is responsible for each of the following EXCEPT:
Producing bile
Stores vitamins and minerals
Releases insulin
Synthesizes protein
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231 FINAL EXAM
REVIEW PORTAGE|| ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+||
ASSURED PASS!!!
What are the myenteric and submucosal plexuses?
The stomach churns and mixes food in a peristaltic fashion of 3-5 contractions per
minute, each lasting 2-20 seconds. Contraction of the antrum pushes food toward
the closed pyloric sphincter. Larger particles are returned to the body of the
stomach for further churning. The other contents are emptied into the duodenum
between contractions.
Explain how the stomach churns food:
Segmentation waves are slow contractions of the circular muscle layer. They
occlude the lumen and push the contents forward and backward. Segmentation
waves use 1 to 4 cm of intestine at a time. During this activity, chyme is mixed
with the digestive enzymes from the pancreas and all surface area is exposed to the
intestinal surface for absorption.
Peristaltic movements are rhythmic movements designed to propel the chyme
along the small intestine toward the large intestine. Peristaltic movements contract,
then relax, always in one direction.
Describe the 2 patterns of contraction in the small intestine:
,2|Pag e
The first include segmental mixing movements called haustral churning, since they
occur in compartments called haustra. These movements fill and expel contents in
the haustra, to ensure all surface area of the fecal mass are exposed to the intestinal
surface.
The second type are the propulsive mass movements, in which a large segment of
the colon (≥20 cm) contracts as a unit, moving the fecal contents forward. These
mass movements last about 30 seconds, followed by a 2-3-minute period of
relaxation, then another contraction.
Explain the 2 patterns of motility in the large intestine:
Parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells
What are the three main cells in the stomach necessary for digestion?
Diverticulosis refers to herniation of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular
layer of the colonic wall. When these pouches become inflamed or infected, it is
called diverticulitis, which can cause left lower abdominal pain, fever, and GI
bleeding.
What is diverticulosis and diverticulitis?
IBS symptoms include recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort that is associated
with a change in stool frequency or form. The pain or discomfort may be relieved
,3|Pag e
by defecation. The pain is usually intermittent, cramping, and in the lower
abdomen. There may be varying complaints of flatulence, bloating, nausea and
anorexia, constipation or diarrhea, and anxiety or depression.
What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
The normal squamous mucosa that lines the esophagus is gradually replaced by
abnormal columnar epithelium (as seen in the stomach or intestines). Barrett
esophagus is a major risk factor for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.
What is Barrett esophagus?
The two most common causes of PUD include H. pylori infection and the use of
aspirin and other NSAIDs.
What are the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcer disease?
Bilirubin
What is the final product of heme breakdown?
Cirrhosis can develop from viral hepatitis, toxic reactions to drugs and chemicals,
biliary obstruction, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but is most commonly
, 4|Pag e
associated with alcoholism. Cirrhosis can also occur from metabolic disorders that
cause deposition of minerals in the liver.
What are the common causes of cirrhosis?
NAFLD is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the Western
world. It is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes,
hyperlipidemia).
What is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
Gallstones; cholesterol
What is cholelithiasis and what are they primarily made of?
Releases insulin
The liver is responsible for each of the following EXCEPT:
Producing bile
Stores vitamins and minerals
Releases insulin
Synthesizes protein
