BIO 669 Quiz 1 Fall 2024 Questions And Answers With
Verified Solutions Latest Update 2024/2025.
What are the two most important intracellular buffers? - ANSWER phosphate/proteins
Thirst prompts fluid intake through action of ________ located in the __________. - ANSWER
osmoreceptors/hypothalamus
Fluid distribution - ANSWER Movement of fluids within the body
Composition of fluids - ANSWER The electrolytes present in fluids
Electrolytes - ANSWER Key ions that affect cell function
Extracellular ion - ANSWER Ion present outside the cell
Retention of water - ANSWER The effect of Na+ on overall fluid volume
Intracellular ion - ANSWER Ion present inside the cell
Membrane potential - ANSWER The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane
Repolarizing/hyperpolarizing - ANSWER Restoring or increasing the membrane potential
Hydrogen ion - ANSWER Critical for control of pH and protein structure
Buffers - ANSWER Substances that help maintain pH balance
Anionic proteins - ANSWER Proteins with a negative charge
Hemoglobin - ANSWER Protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells
Carbonic acid - ANSWER Formed from the conversion of H+ and bicarbonate
Respiratory system - ANSWER Involved in control of pH in the plasma
Immune system - ANSWER Comprised of innate and adaptive responses
Innate response - ANSWER Immediate response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Granulocytes - ANSWER Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
Monocytes/macrophages - ANSWER Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
NK cells - ANSWER Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
Plasma proteins - ANSWER Proteins involved in innate response
Inflammation - ANSWER Response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Signaling molecules - ANSWER Molecules involved in immune response
Adaptive response - ANSWER Slower response that identifies specific targets and develops
memory
, Innate immunity - ANSWER First line of defense, physical and biochemical barriers
Physical barriers - ANSWER Skin, linings of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory
tracts
Sloughing off of cells - ANSWER Shedding of cells as a defense mechanism
Coughing and sneezing - ANSWER Expelling foreign particles through airways
Flushing - ANSWER Elimination of waste through urine
Vomiting - ANSWER Expelling harmful substances through the digestive system
Mucus and cilia - ANSWER Protective substances and hair-like structures in respiratory tract
Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers - ANSWER Saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucus
with antimicrobial peptides
Normal microbiome - ANSWER Unique colonization of bacteria and fungi in specific locations
Inflammatory response - ANSWER Nonspecific immune response to injury, characterized by
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
Increased vascular permeability and leakage - ANSWER Expansion of blood vessels and
release of fluid and cells into tissues
Vascular responses - ANSWER Blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow
Inflammation goals - ANSWER Prevent infection, initiate adaptive immune response, initiate
healing, limit and control inflammation
Plasma protein systems - ANSWER Identify pathogens, complement antibodies, and ramp up
inflammation
Complement system - ANSWER Produces biologically active fragments to recruit phagocytes,
activate mast cells, and destroy pathogens
Coagulation system - ANSWER Forms fibrinous meshwork to prevent infection spread, localize
microorganisms, and stop bleeding
Histamine - ANSWER Activates and assists inflammatory cells, causes dilation of blood vessels
and increased vascular permeability
Mast cells - ANSWER Cellular bags of granules containing histamine, cytokines, and
chemotaxic factors
Chemotactic factors - ANSWER Attract neutrophils and eosinophils to the site of inflammation
Leukotrienes - ANSWER Product of arachidonic acid with similar effects to histamine
Prostaglandins - ANSWER Similar effects to leukotrienes, induce pain
Endothelium - ANSWER Adheres to connective tissue matrix, regulates inflammatory
components
Verified Solutions Latest Update 2024/2025.
What are the two most important intracellular buffers? - ANSWER phosphate/proteins
Thirst prompts fluid intake through action of ________ located in the __________. - ANSWER
osmoreceptors/hypothalamus
Fluid distribution - ANSWER Movement of fluids within the body
Composition of fluids - ANSWER The electrolytes present in fluids
Electrolytes - ANSWER Key ions that affect cell function
Extracellular ion - ANSWER Ion present outside the cell
Retention of water - ANSWER The effect of Na+ on overall fluid volume
Intracellular ion - ANSWER Ion present inside the cell
Membrane potential - ANSWER The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane
Repolarizing/hyperpolarizing - ANSWER Restoring or increasing the membrane potential
Hydrogen ion - ANSWER Critical for control of pH and protein structure
Buffers - ANSWER Substances that help maintain pH balance
Anionic proteins - ANSWER Proteins with a negative charge
Hemoglobin - ANSWER Protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells
Carbonic acid - ANSWER Formed from the conversion of H+ and bicarbonate
Respiratory system - ANSWER Involved in control of pH in the plasma
Immune system - ANSWER Comprised of innate and adaptive responses
Innate response - ANSWER Immediate response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Granulocytes - ANSWER Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
Monocytes/macrophages - ANSWER Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
NK cells - ANSWER Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
Plasma proteins - ANSWER Proteins involved in innate response
Inflammation - ANSWER Response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Signaling molecules - ANSWER Molecules involved in immune response
Adaptive response - ANSWER Slower response that identifies specific targets and develops
memory
, Innate immunity - ANSWER First line of defense, physical and biochemical barriers
Physical barriers - ANSWER Skin, linings of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory
tracts
Sloughing off of cells - ANSWER Shedding of cells as a defense mechanism
Coughing and sneezing - ANSWER Expelling foreign particles through airways
Flushing - ANSWER Elimination of waste through urine
Vomiting - ANSWER Expelling harmful substances through the digestive system
Mucus and cilia - ANSWER Protective substances and hair-like structures in respiratory tract
Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers - ANSWER Saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucus
with antimicrobial peptides
Normal microbiome - ANSWER Unique colonization of bacteria and fungi in specific locations
Inflammatory response - ANSWER Nonspecific immune response to injury, characterized by
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
Increased vascular permeability and leakage - ANSWER Expansion of blood vessels and
release of fluid and cells into tissues
Vascular responses - ANSWER Blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow
Inflammation goals - ANSWER Prevent infection, initiate adaptive immune response, initiate
healing, limit and control inflammation
Plasma protein systems - ANSWER Identify pathogens, complement antibodies, and ramp up
inflammation
Complement system - ANSWER Produces biologically active fragments to recruit phagocytes,
activate mast cells, and destroy pathogens
Coagulation system - ANSWER Forms fibrinous meshwork to prevent infection spread, localize
microorganisms, and stop bleeding
Histamine - ANSWER Activates and assists inflammatory cells, causes dilation of blood vessels
and increased vascular permeability
Mast cells - ANSWER Cellular bags of granules containing histamine, cytokines, and
chemotaxic factors
Chemotactic factors - ANSWER Attract neutrophils and eosinophils to the site of inflammation
Leukotrienes - ANSWER Product of arachidonic acid with similar effects to histamine
Prostaglandins - ANSWER Similar effects to leukotrienes, induce pain
Endothelium - ANSWER Adheres to connective tissue matrix, regulates inflammatory
components
