NURS 301 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS LATEST 2024-2025
What is hyperaldosteronism?
Released from the adrenal cortex gland (RAAS system)
- caused by too much ACTH
- Adrenal gland releases too much
>TOO MUCH ALDOSTERONE and NA
Hyperaldosteronism s/s
Hypernatremia, hypertension, high aldosterone
>conn disease
what is the primary hormone imbalance in addison and cushing disease?
addisons = hypo cortisol
cushing = excess cortisol
Addison's diseases s/s
-hypofunction (can be inheritied)
-Hyperpigmentation (melanin stimulation)
,Cushing disease s/s
Increased cortisol
- changes collagen (thinning of hair on head but increased body hair)
-acne and facial flush
- thin arms and legs, but obesity trunk and moon face.
- purple striae (gets mistaken for stretch marks)
- easy bruises
- Hyperpigmentation
- insulin resistance
- increased sensitivity to catecholamine leading to vasoconstriction and
hypertension
- immune suppression
-HTN
Open fracture
bone fracture that breaks through the skin
Pathologic fracture
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone from tumor
transverse fracture
,straight across the bone
Impacted fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
How does bone heal
1) Hematoma (24-48 hours)
2) Fibro-cartilaginous Callus (procallus) - days to 2-3 weeks
3) Bony Callus (3-4 weeks after injury)
4) Remodeling (compact replaces spongy bone after 6-10 weeks)
What are serious complications that could occur in fractures?
Compartment syndrome
pressure builds up from internal bleeding causing the 5 P's
1) pressure/ pallor
2) pain
3) paresthesia
4) pulselessness
5) paralysis
, What is a fat embolism?
Fat from bone migrate into the blood stream and combine with platelets to form
emboli
-causes respiratory failure and cerebral
- FEMUR at highest risk
Osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint associated with joint stress
-most common
Osteoarthritis patho
-Loss of articular cartilage:
-Cartilage becomes yellow
-Surface areas flake off
-Becomes thin or may be absent in some areas
-Bone is unprotected and erodes
-increase water content in cartilage make it weaker
-Spurs formate called joint mice
-sunovial capsule thicken causing less movement
Osteoarthritis who is at risk
- more in men or post menopausal women
ANSWERS LATEST 2024-2025
What is hyperaldosteronism?
Released from the adrenal cortex gland (RAAS system)
- caused by too much ACTH
- Adrenal gland releases too much
>TOO MUCH ALDOSTERONE and NA
Hyperaldosteronism s/s
Hypernatremia, hypertension, high aldosterone
>conn disease
what is the primary hormone imbalance in addison and cushing disease?
addisons = hypo cortisol
cushing = excess cortisol
Addison's diseases s/s
-hypofunction (can be inheritied)
-Hyperpigmentation (melanin stimulation)
,Cushing disease s/s
Increased cortisol
- changes collagen (thinning of hair on head but increased body hair)
-acne and facial flush
- thin arms and legs, but obesity trunk and moon face.
- purple striae (gets mistaken for stretch marks)
- easy bruises
- Hyperpigmentation
- insulin resistance
- increased sensitivity to catecholamine leading to vasoconstriction and
hypertension
- immune suppression
-HTN
Open fracture
bone fracture that breaks through the skin
Pathologic fracture
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone from tumor
transverse fracture
,straight across the bone
Impacted fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
How does bone heal
1) Hematoma (24-48 hours)
2) Fibro-cartilaginous Callus (procallus) - days to 2-3 weeks
3) Bony Callus (3-4 weeks after injury)
4) Remodeling (compact replaces spongy bone after 6-10 weeks)
What are serious complications that could occur in fractures?
Compartment syndrome
pressure builds up from internal bleeding causing the 5 P's
1) pressure/ pallor
2) pain
3) paresthesia
4) pulselessness
5) paralysis
, What is a fat embolism?
Fat from bone migrate into the blood stream and combine with platelets to form
emboli
-causes respiratory failure and cerebral
- FEMUR at highest risk
Osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint associated with joint stress
-most common
Osteoarthritis patho
-Loss of articular cartilage:
-Cartilage becomes yellow
-Surface areas flake off
-Becomes thin or may be absent in some areas
-Bone is unprotected and erodes
-increase water content in cartilage make it weaker
-Spurs formate called joint mice
-sunovial capsule thicken causing less movement
Osteoarthritis who is at risk
- more in men or post menopausal women
