Portage Pathophysiology Module 1
Problem Set
Define pathophysiology - ANSchanges that occur with disease across cells and/or organs
and the effects these changes have on total body function
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example - ANS1. physical force (burns)
2. chemical agents (poison)
3. bioloigcal agents (bacteria)
4. genetic predisposition
5. nutritional excesses/deficiencies
Expand on disease etiology - ANSDisease etiology can be one or multiple factors leading to
disease and can effect one or multiple organ systems. Most etiologies are idiopathic and/or
nonspecific in nature.
What are 2 types of risk factors? - ANScongenital (hereditary and environmental) and
acquired (injury, exposure, diet, habits, etc)
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ANSMorphology is the structure
of cells and tissues. Histology is the study of cells.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and given an example of each - ANSA
sign is an objective manifestation (fever, edema) whereas a symptom is a subjective
complaint (dizziness, pain, difficulty breathing)
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANS1. patient history
2. physical examiniation
3. diagnostic testing
Define epidemiology and some things that it tracks - ANSThe study of disease occurrence in
human populations. For example, they may track age, race, nutritional habits, lifestyle,
and/or geographic location
Incidence - ANSthe number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
Prevalence - ANSnumber of people with the disease in a population at a given time
Validity - ANShow a tool measures what it is intended to measure
Reliabilty - ANSlikelihood of the same result occuring with repeated testing
Sensitivity - ANSproportion of people with a disease who test positive for that disease
, Specificity - ANSpeople without tthe disease who test negative for that disease
Mortality - ANSCause of death in a population; death rate
Morbidity - ANSeffect of an illness on one's life
Primary Prevention - ANSAttempts to eliminate risk factors in order to prevent disease from
occurring (ex: taking a multivitamin to prevent nutritional deficiencies)
Secondary Prevention - ANSearly detection and treatment, the disease is asymptomatic and
curable (ex: going to the doctor for an annual pap smear)
Tertiary Prevention - ANSoccurs after a diagnosis has been made, and clinical intervention is
needed to reduce complications (ex: use of prescribed medication after a heart attack to
reduce the risk of a future event or death)
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSconscientious reliance on current best,
scientific evidence in making decisions regarding the care of individual patients.
What are 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANS1. nucleus
2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm
What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSIt is the command center of the cell that contains
DNA and RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus - ANS1. Chromatin - complex structure of DNA
associated proteins
2. Nucleolus - where rRNA is processed for ribosome production, made of 5 different
chromosomes
3. Nuclear envelope - surround nucleus
What organelles are located in the cytoplasm? - ANS1. ribosomes
2. ER - smooth and rough
3. Golgi complex
4. mitochondria
5. lysosomes
What is the role of ribosomes? - ANSthis the site of protein synthesis in the cell
What is the role of the rough ER? - ANSfunctions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes and also
carries ribosomes
What is the role of the smooth ER? - ANSsynthesize lipids, regulate intracellular calcium,
and metabolize and detoxify certain drugs and hormones)
What 3 things are made in the smooth ER? - ANS1. lipids
2. lipoproteins
Problem Set
Define pathophysiology - ANSchanges that occur with disease across cells and/or organs
and the effects these changes have on total body function
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example - ANS1. physical force (burns)
2. chemical agents (poison)
3. bioloigcal agents (bacteria)
4. genetic predisposition
5. nutritional excesses/deficiencies
Expand on disease etiology - ANSDisease etiology can be one or multiple factors leading to
disease and can effect one or multiple organ systems. Most etiologies are idiopathic and/or
nonspecific in nature.
What are 2 types of risk factors? - ANScongenital (hereditary and environmental) and
acquired (injury, exposure, diet, habits, etc)
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ANSMorphology is the structure
of cells and tissues. Histology is the study of cells.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and given an example of each - ANSA
sign is an objective manifestation (fever, edema) whereas a symptom is a subjective
complaint (dizziness, pain, difficulty breathing)
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ANS1. patient history
2. physical examiniation
3. diagnostic testing
Define epidemiology and some things that it tracks - ANSThe study of disease occurrence in
human populations. For example, they may track age, race, nutritional habits, lifestyle,
and/or geographic location
Incidence - ANSthe number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
Prevalence - ANSnumber of people with the disease in a population at a given time
Validity - ANShow a tool measures what it is intended to measure
Reliabilty - ANSlikelihood of the same result occuring with repeated testing
Sensitivity - ANSproportion of people with a disease who test positive for that disease
, Specificity - ANSpeople without tthe disease who test negative for that disease
Mortality - ANSCause of death in a population; death rate
Morbidity - ANSeffect of an illness on one's life
Primary Prevention - ANSAttempts to eliminate risk factors in order to prevent disease from
occurring (ex: taking a multivitamin to prevent nutritional deficiencies)
Secondary Prevention - ANSearly detection and treatment, the disease is asymptomatic and
curable (ex: going to the doctor for an annual pap smear)
Tertiary Prevention - ANSoccurs after a diagnosis has been made, and clinical intervention is
needed to reduce complications (ex: use of prescribed medication after a heart attack to
reduce the risk of a future event or death)
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSconscientious reliance on current best,
scientific evidence in making decisions regarding the care of individual patients.
What are 3 primary structures of the cell? - ANS1. nucleus
2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm
What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSIt is the command center of the cell that contains
DNA and RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus - ANS1. Chromatin - complex structure of DNA
associated proteins
2. Nucleolus - where rRNA is processed for ribosome production, made of 5 different
chromosomes
3. Nuclear envelope - surround nucleus
What organelles are located in the cytoplasm? - ANS1. ribosomes
2. ER - smooth and rough
3. Golgi complex
4. mitochondria
5. lysosomes
What is the role of ribosomes? - ANSthis the site of protein synthesis in the cell
What is the role of the rough ER? - ANSfunctions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes and also
carries ribosomes
What is the role of the smooth ER? - ANSsynthesize lipids, regulate intracellular calcium,
and metabolize and detoxify certain drugs and hormones)
What 3 things are made in the smooth ER? - ANS1. lipids
2. lipoproteins
