Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition latest edition
question and correct answer
- correct answer
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics - CORRECT ANSWER the professional
organization of dietitians in the United States; formerly the American Dietetic
Association.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) - CORRECT ANSWER the estimated amount of a
sweetener that individuals can safely consume each day over the course of a life- time
without adverse effect.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) - CORRECT ANSWER ranges
of intakes for the energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and
reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
accredited - CORRECT ANSWER approved; in the case of medical centers or
universities, certified by an agency recognized by the US Department of Education.
acetaldehyde (ass-et-AL-duh-hide) - CORRECT ANSWER an intermediate in alcohol
metabolism.
acetone breath - CORRECT ANSWER a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a
person with ketosis.
acetyl CoA (ASS-eh-teel or ah-SEET-il, coh-AY) - CORRECT ANSWER a 2-carbon
compound (acetate or acetic acid) to which a molecule of CoA is attached.
achalasia (ack-ah-LAY-zhah) - CORRECT ANSWER an esophageal disorder
characterized by the absence of peristalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower esopha-
geal sphincter.
achlorhydria (AY-clor-HIGH-dree-ah) - CORRECT ANSWER absence of gastric acid
secretions.
acid controllers - CORRECT ANSWER medications used to prevent or relieve
indigestion by suppressing production of acid in the stomach; also called H2 blockers.
Common brands include Pepcid AC, Tagamet HB, Zantac 75, and Axid AR.
acid regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER the sensation of gastric contents backing up
into the esophagus, possibly reaching the throat or mouth.
, acid-base balance - CORRECT ANSWER the equilibrium in the body between acid and
base concentrations.
acidosis (assi-DOE-sis) - CORRECT ANSWER higher-than-normal acidity in the blood
and body fluids.
acids - CORRECT ANSWER compounds that release hydrogen ions in a solution.
acne - CORRECT ANSWER a chronic inflammation of the skin's follicles and oil-
producing glands, which leads to an accumulation of oils inside the ducts that surround
hairs; usually associated with the maturation of young adults.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - CORRECT ANSWER the late stage of
illness caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); characterized
by severe damage to immune function.
acupuncture (AK-you-PUNK-chur) - CORRECT ANSWER a therapy that involves
inserting thin needles into the skin at specific anatomical points, allegedly to correct
disruptions in the flow of energy within the body.
acute kidney injury - CORRECT ANSWER the rapid decline of kidney function over a
period of hours or days; potentially a cause of acute renal failure.
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - CORRECT ANSWER respiratory failure
trig- gered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and
pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation.
acute-phase proteins - CORRECT ANSWER plasma proteins released from the liver at
the onset of acute infection. An example is C-reactive protein, which is considered one
of the main indicators of severe infection and has antimicrobial effects.
acute-phase response - CORRECT ANSWER changes in body chemistry resulting
from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins.
adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER immunity that is specific for particular
antigens; it adapts to antigens in an individual's environment and is characterized by
"memory" for particular antigens; also called acquired immunity.
adaptive thermogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER adjustments in energy expenditure
related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events
such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status.
added sugars - CORRECT ANSWER sugars and other kcaloric sweeteners that are
added to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table. Added sugars do not
include the naturally occurring sugars found in fruits and milk products.
, adequacy (dietary) - CORRECT ANSWER providing all the essential nutrients, fiber,
and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health.
Adequate Intake (AI) - CORRECT ANSWER the average daily amount of a nutrient that
appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient
intake when an RDA cannot be determined.
adipokines (ADD-ih-poe-kines) - CORRECT ANSWER proteins synthesized and
secreted by adipose cells.
adiponectin (AH-dih-poe-NECK-tin) - CORRECT ANSWER a protein produced by
adipose cells that inhibits inflammation and protects against insulin resistance, type 2
diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
adipose (ADD-ih-poce) tissue - CORRECT ANSWER the body's fat tissue; consists of
masses of triglyceride-storing cells.
adolescence - CORRECT ANSWER the period from the beginning of puberty until
maturity.
adrenal glands - CORRECT ANSWER glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney.
advance health care directive - CORRECT ANSWER written or oral instructions
regarding one's preferences for medical treatment to be used in the event of becoming
incapacitated; also called an advance medical directive or a living will.
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) - CORRECT ANSWER reactive compounds
formed after glucose combines with protein; AGEs can damage tissues and lead to
diabetic complications.
adverse reactions - CORRECT ANSWER unusual responses to food (including
intolerances and allergies).
aerobic (air-ROE-bic) - CORRECT ANSWER requiring oxygen.
AIDS-defining illnesses - CORRECT ANSWER diseases and complications associated
with the later stages of an HIV infection, including recurrent bacterial pneumonia,
opportunistic infections, certain cancers, and wasting of muscle tissue.
albuminuria - CORRECT ANSWER the presence of albumin (a blood protein) in the
urine, a sign of diabetic nephropathy.
alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER a class of organic compounds containing hydroxyl (OH)
groups.
, alcohol abuse - CORRECT ANSWER a pattern of drinking that includes failure to fulfill
work, school, or home responsibilities; drinking in situations that are physically
dangerous (as in driving while intoxicated); recurring alcohol-related legal problems (as
in aggravated assault charges); or
alcohol dehydrogenase (dee-high- DROJ-eh-nayz) - CORRECT ANSWER an enzyme
active in the stomach and the liver that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde.
alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) - CORRECT ANSWER malformations in the
skeletal and organ systems (heart, kidneys, eyes, ears) associated with prenatal alcohol
exposure.
alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) - CORRECT ANSWER
abnormalities in the central nervous system and cognitive development associated with
prenatal alcohol exposure.
alcoholism - CORRECT ANSWER a pattern of drinking that includes a strong craving
for alcohol, a loss of control and an inability to stop drinking once begun, withdrawal
symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after heavy drinking, and the
need for increasing amounts of alcohol to feel "high."
aldosterone (al-DOS-ter-own) - CORRECT ANSWER a hormone secreted by the
adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium
by the kidneys. Aldosterone also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.
alkalosis (alka-LOE-sis) - CORRECT ANSWER higher-than-normal alkalinity (base) in
the blood and body fluids.
allergen - CORRECT ANSWER a substance that stimulates an allergic reaction;
usually a protein fragment.
allergy - CORRECT ANSWER a certain type of hypersensitivity reaction, characterized
by an inappropriate immune response to a harmless substance.
alpha-lactalbumin (lact-AL-byoo-min) - CORRECT ANSWER a major protein in human
breast milk, as opposed to casein (CAY-seen), a major protein in cow's milk.
alpha-tocopherol - CORRECT ANSWER the active vitamin E compound.
alveoli (al-VEE-oh-lie) - CORRECT ANSWER air sacs in the lungs. One air sac is an
alveolus.
Alzheimer's (AHLZ-high-merz) disease - CORRECT ANSWER a degenerative disease
of the brain involving memory loss and major structural changes in neuron networks;
also known as senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT), primary degenerative
dementia of senile onset, or chronic brain syndrome.
question and correct answer
- correct answer
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics - CORRECT ANSWER the professional
organization of dietitians in the United States; formerly the American Dietetic
Association.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) - CORRECT ANSWER the estimated amount of a
sweetener that individuals can safely consume each day over the course of a life- time
without adverse effect.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) - CORRECT ANSWER ranges
of intakes for the energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and
reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
accredited - CORRECT ANSWER approved; in the case of medical centers or
universities, certified by an agency recognized by the US Department of Education.
acetaldehyde (ass-et-AL-duh-hide) - CORRECT ANSWER an intermediate in alcohol
metabolism.
acetone breath - CORRECT ANSWER a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a
person with ketosis.
acetyl CoA (ASS-eh-teel or ah-SEET-il, coh-AY) - CORRECT ANSWER a 2-carbon
compound (acetate or acetic acid) to which a molecule of CoA is attached.
achalasia (ack-ah-LAY-zhah) - CORRECT ANSWER an esophageal disorder
characterized by the absence of peristalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower esopha-
geal sphincter.
achlorhydria (AY-clor-HIGH-dree-ah) - CORRECT ANSWER absence of gastric acid
secretions.
acid controllers - CORRECT ANSWER medications used to prevent or relieve
indigestion by suppressing production of acid in the stomach; also called H2 blockers.
Common brands include Pepcid AC, Tagamet HB, Zantac 75, and Axid AR.
acid regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER the sensation of gastric contents backing up
into the esophagus, possibly reaching the throat or mouth.
, acid-base balance - CORRECT ANSWER the equilibrium in the body between acid and
base concentrations.
acidosis (assi-DOE-sis) - CORRECT ANSWER higher-than-normal acidity in the blood
and body fluids.
acids - CORRECT ANSWER compounds that release hydrogen ions in a solution.
acne - CORRECT ANSWER a chronic inflammation of the skin's follicles and oil-
producing glands, which leads to an accumulation of oils inside the ducts that surround
hairs; usually associated with the maturation of young adults.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - CORRECT ANSWER the late stage of
illness caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); characterized
by severe damage to immune function.
acupuncture (AK-you-PUNK-chur) - CORRECT ANSWER a therapy that involves
inserting thin needles into the skin at specific anatomical points, allegedly to correct
disruptions in the flow of energy within the body.
acute kidney injury - CORRECT ANSWER the rapid decline of kidney function over a
period of hours or days; potentially a cause of acute renal failure.
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - CORRECT ANSWER respiratory failure
trig- gered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and
pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation.
acute-phase proteins - CORRECT ANSWER plasma proteins released from the liver at
the onset of acute infection. An example is C-reactive protein, which is considered one
of the main indicators of severe infection and has antimicrobial effects.
acute-phase response - CORRECT ANSWER changes in body chemistry resulting
from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins.
adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER immunity that is specific for particular
antigens; it adapts to antigens in an individual's environment and is characterized by
"memory" for particular antigens; also called acquired immunity.
adaptive thermogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER adjustments in energy expenditure
related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events
such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status.
added sugars - CORRECT ANSWER sugars and other kcaloric sweeteners that are
added to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table. Added sugars do not
include the naturally occurring sugars found in fruits and milk products.
, adequacy (dietary) - CORRECT ANSWER providing all the essential nutrients, fiber,
and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health.
Adequate Intake (AI) - CORRECT ANSWER the average daily amount of a nutrient that
appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient
intake when an RDA cannot be determined.
adipokines (ADD-ih-poe-kines) - CORRECT ANSWER proteins synthesized and
secreted by adipose cells.
adiponectin (AH-dih-poe-NECK-tin) - CORRECT ANSWER a protein produced by
adipose cells that inhibits inflammation and protects against insulin resistance, type 2
diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
adipose (ADD-ih-poce) tissue - CORRECT ANSWER the body's fat tissue; consists of
masses of triglyceride-storing cells.
adolescence - CORRECT ANSWER the period from the beginning of puberty until
maturity.
adrenal glands - CORRECT ANSWER glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney.
advance health care directive - CORRECT ANSWER written or oral instructions
regarding one's preferences for medical treatment to be used in the event of becoming
incapacitated; also called an advance medical directive or a living will.
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) - CORRECT ANSWER reactive compounds
formed after glucose combines with protein; AGEs can damage tissues and lead to
diabetic complications.
adverse reactions - CORRECT ANSWER unusual responses to food (including
intolerances and allergies).
aerobic (air-ROE-bic) - CORRECT ANSWER requiring oxygen.
AIDS-defining illnesses - CORRECT ANSWER diseases and complications associated
with the later stages of an HIV infection, including recurrent bacterial pneumonia,
opportunistic infections, certain cancers, and wasting of muscle tissue.
albuminuria - CORRECT ANSWER the presence of albumin (a blood protein) in the
urine, a sign of diabetic nephropathy.
alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER a class of organic compounds containing hydroxyl (OH)
groups.
, alcohol abuse - CORRECT ANSWER a pattern of drinking that includes failure to fulfill
work, school, or home responsibilities; drinking in situations that are physically
dangerous (as in driving while intoxicated); recurring alcohol-related legal problems (as
in aggravated assault charges); or
alcohol dehydrogenase (dee-high- DROJ-eh-nayz) - CORRECT ANSWER an enzyme
active in the stomach and the liver that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde.
alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) - CORRECT ANSWER malformations in the
skeletal and organ systems (heart, kidneys, eyes, ears) associated with prenatal alcohol
exposure.
alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) - CORRECT ANSWER
abnormalities in the central nervous system and cognitive development associated with
prenatal alcohol exposure.
alcoholism - CORRECT ANSWER a pattern of drinking that includes a strong craving
for alcohol, a loss of control and an inability to stop drinking once begun, withdrawal
symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after heavy drinking, and the
need for increasing amounts of alcohol to feel "high."
aldosterone (al-DOS-ter-own) - CORRECT ANSWER a hormone secreted by the
adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium
by the kidneys. Aldosterone also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.
alkalosis (alka-LOE-sis) - CORRECT ANSWER higher-than-normal alkalinity (base) in
the blood and body fluids.
allergen - CORRECT ANSWER a substance that stimulates an allergic reaction;
usually a protein fragment.
allergy - CORRECT ANSWER a certain type of hypersensitivity reaction, characterized
by an inappropriate immune response to a harmless substance.
alpha-lactalbumin (lact-AL-byoo-min) - CORRECT ANSWER a major protein in human
breast milk, as opposed to casein (CAY-seen), a major protein in cow's milk.
alpha-tocopherol - CORRECT ANSWER the active vitamin E compound.
alveoli (al-VEE-oh-lie) - CORRECT ANSWER air sacs in the lungs. One air sac is an
alveolus.
Alzheimer's (AHLZ-high-merz) disease - CORRECT ANSWER a degenerative disease
of the brain involving memory loss and major structural changes in neuron networks;
also known as senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT), primary degenerative
dementia of senile onset, or chronic brain syndrome.
