Biology 104 Final Exam Study Guide
Fungi Evolution - Answer -1. The common ancestor started in the water with flagellae.
2. Loss of motile cells. Move to land.
3. Many evolved with angiosperms over the past 100 MY
Basidiomycetes Reproduction - Answer -Haploid spores are produced along the edges
of the gills. See dikaryon and basidium.
Dikaryon - Answer -Used to describe the two nuclei hypha have
Basidium - Answer -The region in which the nuclei of a dikaryon fuse to produce a
diploid nucleus. The nucleus then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores.
The spores fall on the ground to grow into haploid hyphae, and compatible hyphae fuse
and exchange nuclei to produce dikaryons, even in mushrooms ("fruiting bodies")
Fungi Relationships with Other Organisms - Answer -Can be parasites.
Can consume nematodes.
Some have evolved mutualistic relationships e.g. ants farming fungus.
Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and alga (green alga or
cyanobacterium)
Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae - Answer -Symbiosis between fungus and plant root. The fungus helps the
plant get water and nutrients.
Ectomycorrhizae - hyphae do not penetrate roots
Endomycorrhizae - hyphae penetrate root cells
Common for basidiomycetes
The connection to angiosperms helped ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes diversify
,Animals - Answer -Metazoa
The most diverse of the major eukaryotic clades
Animals are multicellular, eat other organisms (heterotrophic), and digest internally.
Started in water with flagellae
Evidence begins in the late pre-Cambrian with excellent evidence in the middle
Cambrian
Burgess Shale Fauna - Answer -Now thought to be related to modern arthropods
Age of Animals - Answer -Phylogenetic (molecular clock) estimates indicate that the
lineages are much older, so there must be a lot of fossils missing from the pre-
Cambrian.
Sponges - Answer -Animals that are inferred to be the sister group of all other animals
Have choanocytes that look like single-celled Choanoflagellate
It is thought that ctenophores and placozoa are early branches
Ctenophores - Answer -Comb jellies - have mouth and gut
Placozoa - Answer -No mouth, no gut, no nervous system.
Choanoflagellates - Answer -Closest living relatives of mammals. Single celled, but can
work together
Alternate Animal Tree - Answer -Ctenophores root the tree rather than sponges. This
would mean nervous systems evolved twice.
Cniderians - Answer -Corals, sea anemones, coral.
Dominant phase is diploid. Gametes are the only haploid phase.
Bilateral Symmetry - Answer -Evolved from radial symmetry
Protostomes - Answer -Blastopore develops into mouth (mouth first)
Ecdysozoa, Arthropods, and Insects
Deuterostomes - Answer -Blastopore develops into anus (mouth second)
, Chordates, echinoderms (starfish), hemichordates.
Vertebrates.
Lophotrochozoa - Answer -Protostomes
Cilliate "trochophore" larval form. Molluscs, worms, lophophores.
We used to think that worms and arthropods are closely related due to segmentation,
but not anymore.
Ecdysozoa - Answer -Exoskeleton (cuticle), molting.
Protostome
Arthropods - Answer -Hard exoskeleton withh chitin.
Segmented bodies
Paired, joined appendages
Falls under ecdysozoa
Crabs, lobsters, spiders
Movement to Land - Answer -Green plants, arthropods, and vertebrates all move onto
land around the same time frame in the Silurian (440-420MYA)/Devonian (420-
360MYA). Corresponds with rise of oxygen and development of ozone layer.
Insects - Answer -Hexapods - 6 legs.
Insect evolution - Answer -1. Movement to land about 430 MYA
2. Evolution of wings about 360 MYA
3. Evolution of complete metamorphosis about 300 MYA
Insect and Land - Answer -Development of Tracheal System
Insect Egg to protect against Desiccation
Insects and WIngs - Answer -Some wingless, some winged, and some can fold wings
back
Possibly on all segments in the first winged insects
Fungi Evolution - Answer -1. The common ancestor started in the water with flagellae.
2. Loss of motile cells. Move to land.
3. Many evolved with angiosperms over the past 100 MY
Basidiomycetes Reproduction - Answer -Haploid spores are produced along the edges
of the gills. See dikaryon and basidium.
Dikaryon - Answer -Used to describe the two nuclei hypha have
Basidium - Answer -The region in which the nuclei of a dikaryon fuse to produce a
diploid nucleus. The nucleus then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores.
The spores fall on the ground to grow into haploid hyphae, and compatible hyphae fuse
and exchange nuclei to produce dikaryons, even in mushrooms ("fruiting bodies")
Fungi Relationships with Other Organisms - Answer -Can be parasites.
Can consume nematodes.
Some have evolved mutualistic relationships e.g. ants farming fungus.
Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between fungus and alga (green alga or
cyanobacterium)
Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae - Answer -Symbiosis between fungus and plant root. The fungus helps the
plant get water and nutrients.
Ectomycorrhizae - hyphae do not penetrate roots
Endomycorrhizae - hyphae penetrate root cells
Common for basidiomycetes
The connection to angiosperms helped ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes diversify
,Animals - Answer -Metazoa
The most diverse of the major eukaryotic clades
Animals are multicellular, eat other organisms (heterotrophic), and digest internally.
Started in water with flagellae
Evidence begins in the late pre-Cambrian with excellent evidence in the middle
Cambrian
Burgess Shale Fauna - Answer -Now thought to be related to modern arthropods
Age of Animals - Answer -Phylogenetic (molecular clock) estimates indicate that the
lineages are much older, so there must be a lot of fossils missing from the pre-
Cambrian.
Sponges - Answer -Animals that are inferred to be the sister group of all other animals
Have choanocytes that look like single-celled Choanoflagellate
It is thought that ctenophores and placozoa are early branches
Ctenophores - Answer -Comb jellies - have mouth and gut
Placozoa - Answer -No mouth, no gut, no nervous system.
Choanoflagellates - Answer -Closest living relatives of mammals. Single celled, but can
work together
Alternate Animal Tree - Answer -Ctenophores root the tree rather than sponges. This
would mean nervous systems evolved twice.
Cniderians - Answer -Corals, sea anemones, coral.
Dominant phase is diploid. Gametes are the only haploid phase.
Bilateral Symmetry - Answer -Evolved from radial symmetry
Protostomes - Answer -Blastopore develops into mouth (mouth first)
Ecdysozoa, Arthropods, and Insects
Deuterostomes - Answer -Blastopore develops into anus (mouth second)
, Chordates, echinoderms (starfish), hemichordates.
Vertebrates.
Lophotrochozoa - Answer -Protostomes
Cilliate "trochophore" larval form. Molluscs, worms, lophophores.
We used to think that worms and arthropods are closely related due to segmentation,
but not anymore.
Ecdysozoa - Answer -Exoskeleton (cuticle), molting.
Protostome
Arthropods - Answer -Hard exoskeleton withh chitin.
Segmented bodies
Paired, joined appendages
Falls under ecdysozoa
Crabs, lobsters, spiders
Movement to Land - Answer -Green plants, arthropods, and vertebrates all move onto
land around the same time frame in the Silurian (440-420MYA)/Devonian (420-
360MYA). Corresponds with rise of oxygen and development of ozone layer.
Insects - Answer -Hexapods - 6 legs.
Insect evolution - Answer -1. Movement to land about 430 MYA
2. Evolution of wings about 360 MYA
3. Evolution of complete metamorphosis about 300 MYA
Insect and Land - Answer -Development of Tracheal System
Insect Egg to protect against Desiccation
Insects and WIngs - Answer -Some wingless, some winged, and some can fold wings
back
Possibly on all segments in the first winged insects
