Learning approach- Theories and applied studies
Classical conditioning- learning by association
A01
o NS- [stimulus with no response] UCS- [NS turns into UCS producing a UCR] UCR, CS
[unnatural/neutral trigger] , CR
o Stimulus generalisation -stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus will cause a conditioned
response
o Stimulus discrimination – response will occur only to specific conditioned stimulus
o Extinction –when the conditioned stimulus returns to being a neutral stimulus
o Spontaneous recovery- when the conditioned response reappears
o Learned helplessness- conditioned to respond to association even without stimulus
o Aversion therapy- force unpleasant associations to change behaviour
o First order conditioning- [bell=food]
o Second order conditioning- [bell+buzzer =food, just buzzer=response]
o Backwards conditioning- ucs[food] presented before cs[bell]
o Forwards conditioning- cs/ns[bell] presented before ucs[food]
o Spontaneous conditioning- cs [bell] and ucs [food] presented at same time
A03
o Little Albert study- associated loud noise with rat causing a conditioned response of fear to
rats
o Pavlov’s dogs 1927- association between food and bell can cause conditioned response of
salivating in response to bell- interrater reliability [repeated with different dogs and ns]
o High scientific credibility [standardised]
A03CA
o Munjack 1984- ½ people with driving fear had previous experience yet not all accidents
result in fears
o Generalising dog => human
o Low ecological conditions [little albert + pavlovs dogs]
Operant conditioning- learning by consequence
A01
o Contingency- reward must be linked to behaviour
o Contiguity- consequence must occur straight after behaviour
o Positive reinforcement- repeat behaviour to get desirable consequences
o Negative reinforcement- take away negative consequence by changing behaviour
o Positive punishment- e.g hitting dog to prevent behaviour
o Negative punishment- remove something they want to change behaviour e.g ignoring dog
when it barks
o Avoidance learning- avoid situation
Classical conditioning- learning by association
A01
o NS- [stimulus with no response] UCS- [NS turns into UCS producing a UCR] UCR, CS
[unnatural/neutral trigger] , CR
o Stimulus generalisation -stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus will cause a conditioned
response
o Stimulus discrimination – response will occur only to specific conditioned stimulus
o Extinction –when the conditioned stimulus returns to being a neutral stimulus
o Spontaneous recovery- when the conditioned response reappears
o Learned helplessness- conditioned to respond to association even without stimulus
o Aversion therapy- force unpleasant associations to change behaviour
o First order conditioning- [bell=food]
o Second order conditioning- [bell+buzzer =food, just buzzer=response]
o Backwards conditioning- ucs[food] presented before cs[bell]
o Forwards conditioning- cs/ns[bell] presented before ucs[food]
o Spontaneous conditioning- cs [bell] and ucs [food] presented at same time
A03
o Little Albert study- associated loud noise with rat causing a conditioned response of fear to
rats
o Pavlov’s dogs 1927- association between food and bell can cause conditioned response of
salivating in response to bell- interrater reliability [repeated with different dogs and ns]
o High scientific credibility [standardised]
A03CA
o Munjack 1984- ½ people with driving fear had previous experience yet not all accidents
result in fears
o Generalising dog => human
o Low ecological conditions [little albert + pavlovs dogs]
Operant conditioning- learning by consequence
A01
o Contingency- reward must be linked to behaviour
o Contiguity- consequence must occur straight after behaviour
o Positive reinforcement- repeat behaviour to get desirable consequences
o Negative reinforcement- take away negative consequence by changing behaviour
o Positive punishment- e.g hitting dog to prevent behaviour
o Negative punishment- remove something they want to change behaviour e.g ignoring dog
when it barks
o Avoidance learning- avoid situation
