NR 325 - FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
"PING PONG" EFFECT - ANS-treatment
re-exposure
reinfection
ACUTE LIVER FAILURE - MOST COMMON CAUSE - ANS-drugs and alcohol
i.e. acetaminophen (Tylenol) in combination with alcohol
ACUTE PANCREATITIS - NURSING ACTION - ANS-patients with acute pancreatitis have an
increased risk for hypocalcemia
nurse should monitor patient's calcium level
positive Trousseau's/Chvostek's sign should be reported to HCP immediately
ACUTE PANCREATITIS VS. CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - ANS-Chronic damage to the
pancreas causes a deficiency of digestive enzymes and insulin
results in malabsorption and diabetes mellitus
ADVANTAGE OF FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION (FNA) BIOPSY - ANS-FNA is performed in
outpatient settings
results are available within 24-48 hours
no incision required
ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
4-36 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation occurs with hepatitis or cirrhosis
ALBUMIN - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
3.5 - 5.0 g/dL
*Interpretation of Findings*
decrease can indicate hepatic disease
,ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
30-120 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation indicates liver damage
ALND - ANS-axillary lymph node dissection
ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
less than 40 mcg/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevated in liver cancer, cirrhosis, hepatitis
AMMONIA - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
10 - 80 mcg/dL
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevated in liver disease
AMYLASE - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
30-220 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation occurs with pancreatitis
Anti-HAV immunoglobulin G (IgG) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP A - ANS-indicates previous
infection or immunization
not routinely done in clinical practice
Memory tip: "G" = infection gone
Anti-HAV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST for HEP A - ANS-indicates acute
infection
Anti-HBc (antibody to hepatitis B core antigen) IgM - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B -
ANS-Indicates acute infection
Does not appear after vaccination
Anti-HBc IgG - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B - ANS-Indicates previous infection or ongoing
infection with hepatitis B
,Does not appear after vaccination
Anti-HBe (hepatitis B e antibody) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B - ANS-Indicates previous
infection
In chronic hepatitis B, indicates a low viral load and low degree of infectivity
Anti-HBs (hepatitis B surface antibody) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B - ANS-Indicates
previous infection with HBV or *immunization*
Anti-HCV (antibody to HCV) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP C - ANS-marker for acute or
chronic infection with HCV
Anti-HDV - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP D - ANS-Present in past or current infection with
HDV
Anti-HEV IgM and IgG - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP E - ANS-Present 1 wk-2 mo after illness
onset
ASCITES - ANS-accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal or abdominal cavity
a common manifestation of cirrhosis
ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
0-35 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation occurs with hepatitis or cirrhosis
ASTERIXIS - ANS-flapping tremor of the hands
when the client extends the arms & hands in front of the body, the hands rapidly flex & extend
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS VS. VIRAL HEPATITIS - ANS-autoimmune hepatitis is treated with
corticosteroids and other immunosuppresive agents
BALLOON TAMPONADE - NURSING ACTION - ANS-*monitor patient for shortness of breath*
most common complication of this treatment is aspiration pneumonia
balloon rupture may also result in airway occlusion
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA - ASSESSMENT FINDINGS - ANS-nocturia
, decreased force/amount of urine
dribbling
dysuria
hesitancy
urgency/frequency
burning during urination
UTI
difficulty initiated stream
intermittency (start/stop of stream)
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA - GOALS OF TREATMENT - ANS-restore bladder
function
relief of symptoms
prevent/treat complications
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) - ANS-benign enlargement of the prostate gland
occurs due to endocrine changes associated with aging
BEST TIME TO PERFORM SELF BREAST EXAM (BSE) - ANS-Perform BSE at the end of the
menstrual period
breast tenderness is less likely to occur
BETA BLOCKERS - TX FOR ESOPHAGEAL/GASTRIC VARICES - ANS-drugs in this class
decrease high portal pressure
decreases risk for rupture
decreases risk for bleeding
BLADDER IRRIGATION - ANS-procedure to remove clots from the bladder and prevent
obstruction of the catheter following TURP surgery
"PING PONG" EFFECT - ANS-treatment
re-exposure
reinfection
ACUTE LIVER FAILURE - MOST COMMON CAUSE - ANS-drugs and alcohol
i.e. acetaminophen (Tylenol) in combination with alcohol
ACUTE PANCREATITIS - NURSING ACTION - ANS-patients with acute pancreatitis have an
increased risk for hypocalcemia
nurse should monitor patient's calcium level
positive Trousseau's/Chvostek's sign should be reported to HCP immediately
ACUTE PANCREATITIS VS. CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - ANS-Chronic damage to the
pancreas causes a deficiency of digestive enzymes and insulin
results in malabsorption and diabetes mellitus
ADVANTAGE OF FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION (FNA) BIOPSY - ANS-FNA is performed in
outpatient settings
results are available within 24-48 hours
no incision required
ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
4-36 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation occurs with hepatitis or cirrhosis
ALBUMIN - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
3.5 - 5.0 g/dL
*Interpretation of Findings*
decrease can indicate hepatic disease
,ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
30-120 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation indicates liver damage
ALND - ANS-axillary lymph node dissection
ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
less than 40 mcg/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevated in liver cancer, cirrhosis, hepatitis
AMMONIA - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
10 - 80 mcg/dL
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevated in liver disease
AMYLASE - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
30-220 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation occurs with pancreatitis
Anti-HAV immunoglobulin G (IgG) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP A - ANS-indicates previous
infection or immunization
not routinely done in clinical practice
Memory tip: "G" = infection gone
Anti-HAV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST for HEP A - ANS-indicates acute
infection
Anti-HBc (antibody to hepatitis B core antigen) IgM - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B -
ANS-Indicates acute infection
Does not appear after vaccination
Anti-HBc IgG - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B - ANS-Indicates previous infection or ongoing
infection with hepatitis B
,Does not appear after vaccination
Anti-HBe (hepatitis B e antibody) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B - ANS-Indicates previous
infection
In chronic hepatitis B, indicates a low viral load and low degree of infectivity
Anti-HBs (hepatitis B surface antibody) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP B - ANS-Indicates
previous infection with HBV or *immunization*
Anti-HCV (antibody to HCV) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP C - ANS-marker for acute or
chronic infection with HCV
Anti-HDV - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP D - ANS-Present in past or current infection with
HDV
Anti-HEV IgM and IgG - DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HEP E - ANS-Present 1 wk-2 mo after illness
onset
ASCITES - ANS-accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal or abdominal cavity
a common manifestation of cirrhosis
ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST) - ANS-*Expected Reference Range*
0-35 U/L
*Interpretation of Findings*
elevation occurs with hepatitis or cirrhosis
ASTERIXIS - ANS-flapping tremor of the hands
when the client extends the arms & hands in front of the body, the hands rapidly flex & extend
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS VS. VIRAL HEPATITIS - ANS-autoimmune hepatitis is treated with
corticosteroids and other immunosuppresive agents
BALLOON TAMPONADE - NURSING ACTION - ANS-*monitor patient for shortness of breath*
most common complication of this treatment is aspiration pneumonia
balloon rupture may also result in airway occlusion
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA - ASSESSMENT FINDINGS - ANS-nocturia
, decreased force/amount of urine
dribbling
dysuria
hesitancy
urgency/frequency
burning during urination
UTI
difficulty initiated stream
intermittency (start/stop of stream)
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA - GOALS OF TREATMENT - ANS-restore bladder
function
relief of symptoms
prevent/treat complications
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) - ANS-benign enlargement of the prostate gland
occurs due to endocrine changes associated with aging
BEST TIME TO PERFORM SELF BREAST EXAM (BSE) - ANS-Perform BSE at the end of the
menstrual period
breast tenderness is less likely to occur
BETA BLOCKERS - TX FOR ESOPHAGEAL/GASTRIC VARICES - ANS-drugs in this class
decrease high portal pressure
decreases risk for rupture
decreases risk for bleeding
BLADDER IRRIGATION - ANS-procedure to remove clots from the bladder and prevent
obstruction of the catheter following TURP surgery
