Hondros 176 exam 1 review- Diabetes Questions And Answers Graded A+

Glucose Regulation - The process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels causes of hyperglycemia - too much food, ill, too little insulin, decreased activity, infection, stress Causes of hypoglycemia - too much insulin,no food, too much/intense exercise Clinical manifestations of T1DM - -Polydypsia, polyuria, polyphagia -Usually less than 30 years old -Thin -Strongly positive for ketones -Depends on Insulin therapy to prevent ketoacidosis (formally known as diabetic coma) and sustain life -Will see imbalances in sodium, potassium and bicarbonate Complications of Diabetes - Stroke, retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma, blindness, hypertension, dermopathy, CAD, atherosclerosis, gastroparesis, nephropathy, islet cell loss, peripheral neropathy, ED, infections (gangrene), neurogenic bladder counterregulatory hormones - Hormoes that trigger the use of glycogen Duration - (n.) the length of time that insulin continues or lasts Euglycemia - normal level of sugar in the blood Exercise - This can lower blood glucose levels Five classes of oral hypoglycemics - Sulfonylureas- increase sensitivity to insulin at the receptor sitesMeglitinides- same action as sulfonylureas, but effectiveness decreases when blood glucose decreases Biguanides- (Meformin) reduces hepatic glucose production and lowers fasting blood glucose levels Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (miglitol)- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the small intestines Thiazolidinesdiones- Increase insulin sensitivity at insulin receptor sites on the cells GAD - Blood test to check for antibodies that attack the pancreas. Only test definitive for T1DM Glargine - Long acting insulin (Lantus) Glucagon - A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. Glucagon (Medication) - Category: Antihypoglycemic. Action: Increase in blood glucose, relaxation of GI tract Uses: Hypoglycemia, paralyze GI for testing. Off label beta blocker. Route: IM, I.V., SubQ Why would a patient who is not diabetic prescribed a steroid also be prescribed insulin? - Glucocorticoids oppose insulin action and stimulate gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis - The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as lipids and proteins. Glucose - 70-100 mg/dl Glucose Regulation - The process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels Glycogen - Storage form of glucose Glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen to glucoseglycosylated hemoglobin - 4-6% is normal, anything above 7% indicates a need to adjust medication or that the patient does have DM. This test the blood glucose levels over the previous few months HDL - high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) Male: 45 mg/dl female: 55 mg/dl hyperglycemia - excessive sugar in the blood, 140, 100 if fasting Hypoglycemia - abnormally low level of sugar in the blood, 70 50 will have neurological effects Important patient education for home care considerations - -Motivation -Self-monitoring of blood glucose -Exercise -Nutrition therapy -medications -written treatment plan