NUT 116A (DIABETES) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS STUDY
GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
How many people live with DM in the US Answers :1/10
How many people have prediabetes in the US? Answers :1/3
What trend is currently seen in the prevalence of diabetes? What is it related to? Answers :Continues to rise
Related to the rise in obesity
In what population groups in the prevalence of DM higher? Answers :Black and NA higher
lower SES groups
Who has the highest prevalence of DM? Answers :Adults living below the federal poverty line
Diabetes is the ?? leading cause of the death in the US? Answers :8th leading cause
What is the leading cause of death w/in people living with diabetes? Answers :CVD
What is diabetes? Answers :Group of diabetes characterized by high levels of blood glucose due to problems with insulin production and/or action
What is T1DM? Answers :When body can not make insulin
Due to autodestruction of beta cells in pancreas (autoimmune disease)
What is T2DM? Answers :Body not able to fully use insulin made or not enough insulin made
insulin resistance @tissue level
Diabetes is a ??? disease? Answers :Chronic
How can serious health complications of diabetes be lowered? Answers :controlling blood glucose and blood lipids
What are the cornerstones of diabetes treatment? Answers :Diet and lifestyle (along with meds)
What is gestational diabetes? Answers :High blood glucose developing during pregnancy (but typically resolves after birth)
When does gestational diabetes typically develop? Answers :2nd or 3rd trimester What can be other causes of diabetes? Answers :Disease of the pancreas (ie cystic fibrosis)
Result of medication or surgery
What is prediabetes? Answers :Impaired glucose tolerance
blood glucose levels not yet high enough for DM diagnosis
Decreased ability to regulated blood glucose
variable etiology
What does normal insulin signaling/function? Answers :Nutrient influx
Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin
insulin goes through to target tissues
insulin binds to receptors
receptor signals for GLUT 4 to come to membrane
What does insulin signaling/function look like in type 1 DM? Answers :Nutrient influx
No insulin secreted at beta cells nothing to bring GLUT 4 to surface
What does insulin signaling/function look like in type 2 DM? Answers :Nutrient influx beta cells release insulin
goes to cell but there is limited response
not as much GLUT 4 brought to surface
What is insulin resistance? Answers :Occurs after the insulin binds to the receptor
insulin binds BUT, downstream signaling has issues
What are the two pathways that insulin binding illicit? Answers :Ras/ERK pathways
PI3K/Akt pathways
What does the Ras/ERK pathways look like? Answers :Insulin binds, phosphorylation of receptor
IRS comes and gets phosphorylated
IRS goes to Ras, signals downstream changes
MAPK->ERK
ERK goes to nucleus, binds to DNA, encourages translation/transcription for cell growth/proliferation
What does the PI3K/Akt pathway look like? Answers :IRS acts upon PI3K
PI3K transforms on PIP2 in membrane to PIP3
PIP3 signals to Akt
Akt recruits GLUT 4 to go to membrane
GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
How many people live with DM in the US Answers :1/10
How many people have prediabetes in the US? Answers :1/3
What trend is currently seen in the prevalence of diabetes? What is it related to? Answers :Continues to rise
Related to the rise in obesity
In what population groups in the prevalence of DM higher? Answers :Black and NA higher
lower SES groups
Who has the highest prevalence of DM? Answers :Adults living below the federal poverty line
Diabetes is the ?? leading cause of the death in the US? Answers :8th leading cause
What is the leading cause of death w/in people living with diabetes? Answers :CVD
What is diabetes? Answers :Group of diabetes characterized by high levels of blood glucose due to problems with insulin production and/or action
What is T1DM? Answers :When body can not make insulin
Due to autodestruction of beta cells in pancreas (autoimmune disease)
What is T2DM? Answers :Body not able to fully use insulin made or not enough insulin made
insulin resistance @tissue level
Diabetes is a ??? disease? Answers :Chronic
How can serious health complications of diabetes be lowered? Answers :controlling blood glucose and blood lipids
What are the cornerstones of diabetes treatment? Answers :Diet and lifestyle (along with meds)
What is gestational diabetes? Answers :High blood glucose developing during pregnancy (but typically resolves after birth)
When does gestational diabetes typically develop? Answers :2nd or 3rd trimester What can be other causes of diabetes? Answers :Disease of the pancreas (ie cystic fibrosis)
Result of medication or surgery
What is prediabetes? Answers :Impaired glucose tolerance
blood glucose levels not yet high enough for DM diagnosis
Decreased ability to regulated blood glucose
variable etiology
What does normal insulin signaling/function? Answers :Nutrient influx
Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin
insulin goes through to target tissues
insulin binds to receptors
receptor signals for GLUT 4 to come to membrane
What does insulin signaling/function look like in type 1 DM? Answers :Nutrient influx
No insulin secreted at beta cells nothing to bring GLUT 4 to surface
What does insulin signaling/function look like in type 2 DM? Answers :Nutrient influx beta cells release insulin
goes to cell but there is limited response
not as much GLUT 4 brought to surface
What is insulin resistance? Answers :Occurs after the insulin binds to the receptor
insulin binds BUT, downstream signaling has issues
What are the two pathways that insulin binding illicit? Answers :Ras/ERK pathways
PI3K/Akt pathways
What does the Ras/ERK pathways look like? Answers :Insulin binds, phosphorylation of receptor
IRS comes and gets phosphorylated
IRS goes to Ras, signals downstream changes
MAPK->ERK
ERK goes to nucleus, binds to DNA, encourages translation/transcription for cell growth/proliferation
What does the PI3K/Akt pathway look like? Answers :IRS acts upon PI3K
PI3K transforms on PIP2 in membrane to PIP3
PIP3 signals to Akt
Akt recruits GLUT 4 to go to membrane
