Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 Verified A+

Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 Verified A+ ### Gastritis Overview - What is gastritis? - Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining, which can affect the entire stomach or specific regions. - What are the characteristics of acute gastritis? - Acute gastritis can range from mild, transient irritation to severe ulceration accompanied by hemorrhage. Symptoms usually develop suddenly and may include nausea and epigastric pain. - How does chronic gastritis differ from acute gastritis? - Chronic gastritis develops gradually and can be categorized as either erosive or nonerosive. It is often asymptomatic but may present with dull epigastric pain and a feeling of fullness after eating. ### Gastroenteritis - What is gastroenteritis? - Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of both the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from an infection or an allergic response. - What causes acute gastroenteritis? - Acute gastroenteritis is commonly caused by direct infections, such as those from salmonella found in undercooked poultry or eggs. - What are the manifestations of gastroenteritis? - Symptoms may include diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting. - What is a primary cause of chronic gastroenteritis? - Chronic gastroenteritis is usually related to primary inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease. ### Causes and Complications of Gastritis - What are the main causes of gastritis? - Gastritis can result from various factors, including infections (particularly Helicobacter pylori), long term use of NSAIDs, excessive alcohol consumption, severe stress, and certain autoimmune conditions. - What complications can arise from chronic gastritis? - Complications may include peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage. ### Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - What is GERD? - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) occurs when chyme or bile backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing irritation of the esophageal mucosa due to gastric secretions. - What are common triggers for GERD? - Triggers may include certain foods (like chocolate, caffeine, and spicy dishes), alcohol, nicotine, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta-blockers). - What symptoms are associated with GERD? - Symptoms include heartburn, epigastric pain after meals, dysphagia, a dry cough, regurgitation of food, and a sensation of a lump in the throat. - What complications are associated with GERD? - Potential complications can include esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease. ### Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)? - PUD refers to lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum, developing due to an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms. - What are the risk factors for Peptic Ulcer Disease? - Risk factors include male gender, advancing age, NSAID use, Helicobacter pylori infections, and certain gastric tumors. - What are the different types of peptic ulcers? - Types include duodenal ulcers, typically relieved by food, gastric ulcers, which worsen with eating, and stress ulcers, developing due to physiological stress. ### Stress Ulcers and Their Characteristics - What are stress ulcers? - Stress ulcers occur as a result of major physiological stressors, such as local tissue ischemia or tissue acidosis. - What are the specific types of stress ulcers? - Curling's ulcers are associated with burns, while Cushing's ulcers are linked to head injuries. - What complications can arise from PUD? - Complications of PUD may include gastrointestinal hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis. ### Appendicitis - What is appendicitis? - Appendicitis is the inflammation of the vermiform appendix, usually triggered by an infection that causes local tissue edema and subsequent obstruction. - What are the main signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - Symptoms can range from asymptomatic to sudden, severe pain that localizes to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point), along with nausea and vomiting. - What are the potential complications of appendicitis? - Complications may include abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and even death.