Pharmacology exam 1 Questions with correct Answers

Pharmacology exam 1 Questions with correct Answers When there is enough data to demonstrate the new drug safety and effectiveness researchers submit an investigational New Animal Drug application to the... After clinical trials, one files a New Animal Drug Application (NADA). FDA overseas on the use of controlled substances that are listed in schedule I - V. DEA it's a branch of pharmacology that studies the fate of pharmacological substances in the body their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination pharmacokinetics Is the study of the action or effects of drugs on living organism. What chemicals or drugs do to the body. Pharmacodynamics Chemicals have to be blank to some extent across membranes easily. Lipid soluble chemicals have to be in a blank state. To easily enter a cell. non-ionized state if drugs are able to pass through membranes to get into the cell they need to be blank in size. Small in size and shape when drugs have some structural similarity to endognous chemicals, then they can pass through membranes by fooling carrier proteins. structure similarity to endogenous molecules is a process that is used in the transport of large volumes of water across a membrane and it is capable of taking ions and chemicals with it. Driving force is the pressure gradient. Fluid is filtered from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. Filtration size of the molecule relative to the size of the poor. Number of pores that are present. Pressure gradient. These are factors that influence blank. Filtration In this process, the chemical does not go through pores or around memebranes, but dissolves in the membrane to get across. The chemical will move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Must be lipohilic, non ionized and have a small size. Passive diffusion these are factors that affect blank diffusion. Lipid solibility (drug K value better when high), surface area of the membrane, ionization state, Passive diffusion The pKb of a weak base is 8.2. At pH 7, this weak base will exist in what form? Ionized state The pka of a weak acid is 4.7. At pH 7, this weak acid will exist in what form? Ionized state this diffusion involves a carrier protein that buys to the drug and transport it across the membrane. It helps move drugs from a regional pire concentration to one of the lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion this diffusion it moves drugs against the concentration gradient, it moves drugs from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. As a result, it requires the use of energy and is driven by ATP. Active transport distribution it appears by the process of endocytosis. It requires ATP. It is a very slow process. It could also be used to ship the truck from one side of the cell to the other. Pinocytosis This IV technique involves given a small volume of highly concentrated drug in a single injection to achieve high concentrations in the body. Bolus administration This IV technique involves administration of a diluted form of the drug over 30 to 60 minutes through an indwelling catheter. This is frequently used for antibiotic administration. Intermittent therapy this IV technique involves administering large volumes of fluid containing electrolytes or amino acids over a long period of time. Infusion of fluids this technique is placing a drug in a substance that delays absorption is a repository or. IM Depot preparation. is the initial dose that is given to Get the drug concentration up to the therapeutic range within a very short time. Loading dose Is the dose of the drug that maintains or keeps the drug within the therapeutic range. Maintenance dose Dose of the drug delivered in 24 hours. Total daily dose The rate and extent of absorption depend on the following factors. blood flow to the site of administration, nature of the barriers to absorption, surface area for diffusion, the ionization state of the drug, lipophilicity of the drug, carrier systems that are available to transport to drug, metabolism of the drug at the absorption site. Factors that influence the absorbptions of drugs from the ___. 1) Properties of drug, 2) Binding of drug to food particles, 3) Surface area, 4) Blood flow 5) Gastric emptying time Stomach Has the largest GI surface area for absorption. Small intestine Factors favoring the absorption of a weak acid from the —- are 1) large surface area, 2) high blood flow, 3) pH in the blood favors the ionized form (ion trapping) Small intestine Blood flows from the portal vein into the sinus way towards the central vein in the lobby. Do you hepatocytes can take up drugs from the sinusoids, metabolize in fraction of them to their inactive form. First pass effect facilitates drug movement from the intestine to the liver and back to the intestine. Enterohepatic circulation When drugs accumulate in tissue their concentration in the tissue is greater than their concentration in the plasma. Accumulation of drugs in tissues is influenced by tissue perfusion, lipophilicity of the drug, active transport of the drug into the tissue and binding of the drug to tissue components The amount of drug that is bound to proteins depends on the blank for plasma proteins and the blank. affinity of drug and structure of the drug There are several proteins in the plasma that drugs can bind to. The most important of these and the most abundant is... Albumin Is used for binding basic chemicals. Alpha1-acid glycoprotein metal binding protein binds to drug transferin Transcortin binds to steroid drugs The presence of fluid in the spaces must be considered well calculating the dose of the truck. More of the drug may be necessary to produce the desired effect.. Clinical relevance of VD The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Bioavailability Small water soluble molecules ex ethanol Total body of water A highly water soluble drug that has a relatively large molecular weight will be distributed mainly in which of the following parts of the body. ex. gentamycin Extracellular water(fluid). Very large molecules bound to plasma proteins. ex. heparin Blood, plasma, muscle Highly lipid soluble molecules. DDT Fat Certain ions. Lead, fluoride tends to accumulate in. Bone The cell membrane is the only membrane that chemicals or drugs can cross. T or F F Favors the process of filtration. Drug size is smaller than the pore size Passive diffusion of a drug can be difficult when The surface area of the membrane is small Pinocytosis is the process where cells used specialized processes to ingest particles, bacteria and other pathogens. T or F F Factors that directly affect drug absorption include all of the following except Body weight of the patient first pass effect is when drugs administered IV are metabolized first in the lung. T or F F