Data Analysis Exam Practice With Elaborated Question & Answer (A+ Graded

Data Analysis Exam Practice With Elaborated Question & Answer (A+ Graded descriptive statistics - CORRECT ANSWER -organize, summarize, and communicate a group of numerical observations; describe large amounts of data in small amounts of numbers inferential statistics - CORRECT ANSWER -use sample data to make general estimates about the larger population sample - CORRECT ANSWER -set of observations drawn from the population of interest population - CORRECT ANSWER -all possible observations about which we'd like to know something variables - CORRECT ANSWER -observations of physical, attitudinal, and behavioral characteristics that can take on different values discrete observations - CORRECT ANSWER -can take on specific values - whole numbers - no other values can exist between these numbers continuous observations - CORRECT ANSWER -can take on a full range of values; any number of decimal places - an infinite amount of potential values exists nominal variables - CORRECT ANSWER -(always discrete) used for observations that have categories, or names, as their values ordinal variables - CORRECT ANSWER -(always discrete) used for observations that have rankings (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) as their values interval variables - CORRECT ANSWER -(can be continuous) used for observations that have numbers as their values; the distance (or interval) between pairs of consecutive numbers is assumed to be equal ratio variables - CORRECT ANSWER -(usually continuous) meet the criteria for interval variables but also have meaningful zero points; zero is really zero/nothing and not just the same as another value scale variable - CORRECT ANSWER -a variable the meets the criteria for and interval variable or ratio variable levels - CORRECT ANSWER -the discrete values or conditions that variables can take on independent variable - CORRECT ANSWER -at least two levels that we either manipulate or observe to determine its effects on the dependent variable dependent variable - CORRECT ANSWER -outcome variable that we hypothesize to be related to, or caused by, changes in the independent variable confounding variable - CORRECT ANSWER -any variable the systematically varies with the independent variable so that we cannot logically determine which variable is at work reliable - CORRECT ANSWER -this type of measure is consistent valid - CORRECT ANSWER -this type of measure is one that measures what it was intended to measure hypothesis testing - CORRECT ANSWER -the process of drawing conclusions about whether a particular relation between variables is supported by the evidence operational definition - CORRECT ANSWER -specifies the operations or procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable correlation - CORRECT ANSWER -an association between two or more variables random assignment - CORRECT ANSWER -every participant in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups, or experimental conditions, in the study