Nursing 230: FINAL EXAM Quality Verified Answers, Ensuring Top Marks, Certified and Confirmed

Standard Precautions (universal) - Answer Applies to all body fluids (except sweat), nonintact skin, and mucous membranes; is done to protect everyone (staff, patient, and other patients) What practices should be implemented with standard precautions? - Answer Hand hygiene; clean gloves when touching all body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes; mask/eye protection/face shield when splashing occurs; properly clean equipment; bag laundry; enable safety devices on equipment; properly dispose of sharps Transmission Based Precautions (Tier Two) - Answer Used in addition to standard precautions; is client specific because it is based on the pathogen; Requires a private room (can also be referred to as isolation precautions); three types- contact, droplet, and airborne. Contact Precautions - Answer Used with patients who are infected by a multidrug resistant organism (MDRO); limit movement of the patient out of the room; avoid sharing patient equipment; PPE: gown & gloves Infections that require contact precautions - Answer MRSA, c-diff, VRE Droplet Precautions - Answer Used for patients with an infection that is spread by large droplet particles; transport patient out of the room only when necessary and use mask for patient; May have room to door open; PPE: gown, gloves, & surgical mask Infections that require droplet precautions - Answer flu, whooping cough Airborne precautions - Answer Used for patients who have an infection that spreads through the air; patient is placed in neg pressure room- MUST keep door closed; PPE: gown, gloves & respirator mask (fit tested) Infections that require airborne precautions - Answer TB, varicella, measles, SARS Negative Pressure Room - Answer Outer door and inner door, pressure is lower on the inside than outside, air flows into the room rather than out Neutropenic Precautions (reverse isolation) - Answer Used for patients with low neutrophil count; includes restricting visitors, private room preferred, prohibiting visitors with an infection, restricting exposure to live plants fruits and veggies, patient must wear a mask when out of room, and hand washing for patient and staff Medical Asepsis - Answer The use of practices to reduce the number, growth, and spread of microorganisms 2 | P a g e What is done to promote medical asepsis? - Answer Hand hygiene (!!), cleaning rooms and floors, changing linens, separating clean from contaminated materials, not holding linens on you + not shaking them + not placing on floor, biohazard bags, keep nails short + no artificial nails, clean from least soiled to most soiled Surgical Asepsis - Answer The use of practices to ELIMINATE ALL microorganisms from an object or area Promoting & Maintaining Surgical Asepsis - Answer Avoiding coughing, sneezing, or talking directly over sterile field; Touch only sterile materials with sterile gloves; Do not reach across, above, or turn back on sterile field; Keep patient from moving suddenly, touching sterile field, or coughing/talking/sneezing over it How large is the border around the sterile field that is considered non-sterile? - Answer 1 inch. Must discard any item that comes into contact with the border. Chain of infection - Answer Infectious agent -- reservoir -- portal of exit -- method of transmission -- portal of entry -- susceptible host Infectious Agent - Answer Bacteria, virus, or fungi Reservoir - Answer Place where the microorganism is comfortable. Can be other humans, soil, water, animals, inanimate objects (ie equipment) Portal of Exit - Answer Respiratory (coughing, sneezing, sometimes talking), gastrointestinal (stool), urinary (urine), breaks in skin (exposure to blood, body fluids), blood & tissue Method of Transmission - Answer Contact, vehicles (contaminated blood, food, water), vectors (nonhuman carriers ie mosquitoes), droplet, airborne Portal of Entry - Answer Same as portal of entry + invasive devices like caths and IVs Susceptible Host - what factors impact susceptibility? - Answer Intact skin & mucous membranes, normal pH levels, WBC count, age race sex and hereditary factors, immunization, fatigue climate nutritional and general health status, stress, invasive or indwelling devices. How to stop an infectious agent - Answer Sterilization and antibiotics How to stop a reservoir - Answer transmission based precautions, disposable supplies How to stop portal of exit - Answer Gloves, covering mouth when coughing/sneezing, intact dressing How to stop mode of transmission - Answer Pesticides, adequate refrigeration, proper precautions How to stop portal of entry - Answer PPE, proper disposal of sharps How to stop susceptible host - Answer Screenings and immunizations Stages of an Infection - Answer Incubation period, Prodromal stage, Full stage of illness, and Convalescent period 3 | P a g e Incubation Period - Answer Organisms growing and multiplying Prodromal Stage - Answer Vague and nonspecific signs of disease Full Stage of Illness - Answer Presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease, the class s/s Convalescent Period - Answer Recovery from the infection In what stage of illness is the person MOST infectious? - Answer Prodromal stage Signs of Infection - Answer Elevated temp, chills, increased pulse, increased respirations, redness/edema/warmth/drainage/pain, elevated WBC count, increase in specific types of WBCs, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (inflammation), presence of pathogen in blood urine sputum or draining cultures What is a normal WBC count? - Answer 5,000 - 10,000 What must be kept in mind with elderly and temp? - Answer Elderly generally run a lower temp, so their norm isnt 98.6 F Nosocomial Infections - Answer Infection acquired while in healthcare setting, also called healthcare-associated infections (HA......