PSYCH 1XX3 EXAM Latest Questions And Answers

Differentiate between maturation and learning - ANS -Maturation: biologically times; according to individual's genetic plan (timeline of development) -Learning: relatively permanent with practice , but comes about as a result of experience (not hard-wired into genetics) Define maturation - ANS Biological growth within an individual according to a hard-wired genetic plan; determines timeline of development Define learning - ANS Relatively permanent change in our thoughts, behaviours, and feelings as a result of experience; practice can make once controlled processes automatic Define what the interactionist perspective is. Provide an example that abides by this perspective - ANS Maturation and learning interact during development; (possible example could be): isolating a developing baby from vision for a significant span of their life can lead to developmental delays, even the complete loss of vision Why can't we teach 4 month old babies to talk fluent English? What perspective of development describes this? - ANS Interactionist perspective; they may be cognitively-able to produce thoughts that could form legible words, but biological maturation restricts the timeline of learning and prevents them from speaking fluently until later in their life What are the four development studying methods mentioned in PSYCH 1XX3? - ANS 1. Habituation procedure 2. ERP (event-related potentials) 3. High-amplitude sucking method 4. Preferential looking method A child is apart of a study that is attempting to measure a baby's preference to classical music. They want to give the participant the ability to control the presentation of the stimulus to them. Which method of studying development would be most useful, and why? - ANS High-amplitude sucking method; sucking on pacifier by baby elicits music (stops when they stop sucking); gives baby ability to stop presentation of stimulus, and also continue the music by sucking faster A 6 month old baby was born colourblind. Their doctor wants to confirm which colours the baby can see, as well as which they cannot distinguish. The doctor shows the baby a red card, then a green card, which elicits no reaction. He then shows the baby a blue card, which elicits a reaction. What type of colourblindness was confirmed (give the proper name)? What happened when the baby saw the blue card? - ANS 1. Protanopia or Deuteranopia (red-green colourblind) 2. Dishabituation; increased responsiveness to stimuli which appears different to the precursor to the individual What is the event-related potentials development study most often used to track? - ANS How the brain of the participant reacts to the stimulus What is the habituation procedure most often used to track? - ANS Whether or not the infant can tell if the stimulus had changed What is the preferential looking method most often used for? - ANS Determining which of two (or more) stimuli the participant enjoys more Describe what the competence-performance distinction is - ANS An individual may fail a task not because they lack cognitive abilities for task completion, but because they are physically unable to demonstrate the required abilities Name 3 drawbacks to longitudinal design studies - ANS Possible answers could be: -Time consuming -Expensive -Selective attrition (quitting, dying, unfit to continue study; not representative of population) -Practice effects Name a drawback to cross-sectional design studies - ANS -Cannot distinguish true developmental changes from generational effects -Cannot directly assess individual developmental change A cross-sectional design is most effective for which of the following studies? A) Observing the effects of HIV medication over the course of patients' lifespans B) Determining the effectiveness of a certain chemotherapy drug for 20 year olds with osteosarcomas C) Measuring the effects of a new vaccine on the entire adult population amidst a pandemic D) Observing the effects of nicotine on young adolescents' brains as they mature into adults - ANS C) A and D are longitudinal while B is too limited in age range to be cross-sectional How many genes do dizygotic twins share with one another? - ANS ~50% A mother has AO blood type while the father has OO blood type. According to codominance, their child is most likely to have which blood type? Why? - ANS AO; O is recessive while A and B are dominant (not the same as simple dom-rec inheritance) A mother has blonde hair (homozygous dominant trait, HH), while the father has red hair (homozygous recessive trait, hh). What are the chances of their child having red hair? - ANS 0%; all children will be heterozygous Hh and exhibit blonde hair (simple dom-rec inheritance rules; Punnett square) Complex behaviours, like being genetically predispositioned to schizophrenia, are usually accounted for by which type of genetic inheritance? - ANS Polygenetic inheritance Why are males more likely to experience sex-linked disorders than females? - ANS Sex-linked disorders are displayed on the X chromosome; females have two X chromosomes, giving them the possibility of being an unaffected carrier if only one of their X chromosomes are impacted by the inheritance (i.e. both X chromosomes need to be impacted and the trait would have needed to be passed down from *both* parents to be affected); males only have one X chromosome, meaning they cannot be carriers and will be affected if they inherit the trait