Biology 189 Arizona College Questions and Answers 2024 ,2025 Fully Solved 100%

Allele - Gene for particular trait (T) (t) artificial selection - selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring Base pairing in DNA - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Base pairing in RNA - Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine Basic monomers and polymers of nucleic acids - bottleneck effect - A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population Central Dogma - DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein Codominance - A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. Deletion - removes a chromosomal segment dihybrid cross - A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene directional selection - occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait disruptive selection - natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curveDNA - A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. DNA replication - The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. DNA replication basic steps - Dominant Allele - End product of transcription - mRNA equilibrium population - a population in which allele frequencies and the distribution of genotypes do not change from generation to generation Evidence of Evolution - Fossil record, Honolulu, molecular biology evolutionary adaptation - a population's increase in the frequency of traits suited to the environment Exons - coding regions founder effect - change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population frameshift mutation - involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence Gene - sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait gene flow - movement of alleles from one population to anothergene pool - the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population. genetic disorder - An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes genetic drift - A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. genetic variation - The variety of different types of genes in a species or population. Genotype - Letter combo that makes a trait (TT)(Tt)(tt) Genotype ratio - Number of times the genotype trait shows up in offspring after a test cross Heredity - Passing of traits from parents to offspring Heterozygous - An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (Tt) Homozygous - An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (TT) (tt) How do we predict the percentage of certain nucleotides in a DNA sample - How many nucleotides are in a codon? - 3 nucleotides