NURS617 FINAL EXAM Questions with Complete Correct Answers | Grade A+

axial vs appendicular skeleton Ans: axial=skull, thorax, vertebral column (main supporting structures) appendicular=UEs/LEs, pelvis, shoulder types of bones: long vs short vs irregular vs flat Ans: long=upper/lower extremities short=ankle/wrist; mostly spongey irregular=vertebrae, jaw flat=skull, ribs, scapula osteoblasts vs osteoclasts Ans: osteoblasts- Bone *B*uilding cells; secretes alkaline phosphate to increase serum calcium & phosphorus osteoclasts- Bone *C*hewing cells, phagocytic; releases calcium + phosphorus from bone -high PTH=high calcium release=high osteoclast osteocytes Ans: -a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted -releases calcium into the blood osteoprogenitor cells Ans: bone stem cells; source of all bone cells EXCEPT FOR OSTEOCLASTS -increase in activation during puberty, fractures effects of calcitonin vs PTH Ans: -calcitonin=lowers serum calcium & decreases resorptive function of osteoclasts; increases bone mass, increased renal excretion of calcium & phosphates -PTH=increases serum calcium; increased renal conservation of calcium , decreased bone mass over time endosteum and periosteum Ans: -two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells -endosteum=inner layer -periosteum= outer layer bone blood supply Ans: -highly vascularized, especially in regions containing spongy bone -blood vessels enter bones from the periosteum via nutrient foramen -haversian canals=blood vessels + nerves supplying osteon -blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen required by cells and remove waste products from bone cells hematopoiesis in children vs adults Ans: -in fetus: hematopoiesis transfers from liver to long bones -children: red marrow replaced by yellow marrow in long bones; epiphysis separated by metaphysis by cartilaginous growth plate, fuses by puberty -adults: red marrow restricted to flat bones (pelvis, fibs, sternum) RED MARROW=RBC PRODUCTION, YELLOW=ADIPOSE CELLS 3 types of cartilage Ans: 1. Hyaline - most abundant, slightly flexible; ex=nose, ribs 2. Elastic - most flexible, 2nd abundant; ex=ears 3. Fibrocartilage - least flexible; ex=knee, vertebrae -cartilage=more flexible than bone d/t increased extracellular substance that bone -no blood vessels; diffusion used for transport unless calcified by high calcium levels production of D3 Ans: -produced in liver by PTH & prolactin; increases absorption of calcium -hypoparathyroidism=low D3, high calcium & phosphorus -hyperparathyroidism=high D3, low calcium & phosphoru