Approaches
Origins of psychology
Wundt is known as the ‘father of
(-) Wundt’s method not scientific
psychology’ , he set up the first lab in
Leipzig Germany in 1870’s, promoted the (+) lead to greater understanding
use of introspection (systematic analysis
(-) low ecological validity
of own thoughts using a stimulus)
Wundt’s introspection : researchers
presented with a stimuli and asked to
describe their inner processes and the
same instructions where given to all
Features of a science:
Empirical method- directly observable
Objectivity- free from bias
Replicability – extent a study can be repeated
Falsifiability- possible to prove wrong
Theory construction/ hypothesis testing – possible to test a theory
Paradigm/ paradigm shift – set of ideas and shift is when ideas
change based on new information
, Approaches
Learning approach
Classical conditioning- Social learning theory (SLT)
Pavlov conducted a study with his dogs. The ucs was food and - Identification – influenced by another because they are in some way
the ns was a bell. Through association the dog began to salivate similar to that person
for the bell as he associated it with the food . - Imitation- observes role model’s behaviour and copy it
- Modelling- observe behaviour of role models who provide examples
This was further explored with little albert where the boy
of behaviour
associated a rat with a loud bang, causing him to fear rats (or
- Vicarious reinforcement – reinforcement the observer sees model
animals with white fur)
receiving
(+) used experimental method – controlled lab
Mediating processes- ARMM
(-) dog not humans
Attention: notice behaviour
(-) unethical as dog performed surgery of dogs salivary gland
Retention: remember behaviour
Operant conditioning: Motor reproduction: decide whether or not to reproduce behaviour based
Positive reinforcement = addition of something +ve to continue on ability
a behaviour Motivation: desire to perform the behaviour
Negative reinforcement = removal of something -ve to continue Bandura found that, when boys and girls around 4 years old observed
a behaviour behaviour of a male or female adult, with half having an aggressive role
Punishment = addition of something bad to stop behaviour model (hit bobo doll with hammer) and the other half having a non-
aggressive role model, participants who observed aggressive behaviour
Skinner put rats in box. Pushing the lever gave them food (+ve acted more aggressively, in particular boys where more aggressive
reinforcement) and then he put rats in a box where pushing the
lever stopped a shock (-ve reinforcement). The rats learnt to (+) experimental method (-) low ecological validity (-) unethical – stress
push the levers
SLT AO3:
(+) experimental method
(+) supported by evidence
(-) non- humans used – rats
(+) favours nurture
(+) lead to systematic desensitisation (-) determinism
(+) practical applications – teachers
(+) supported by evidence (-) over-simplistic
Origins of psychology
Wundt is known as the ‘father of
(-) Wundt’s method not scientific
psychology’ , he set up the first lab in
Leipzig Germany in 1870’s, promoted the (+) lead to greater understanding
use of introspection (systematic analysis
(-) low ecological validity
of own thoughts using a stimulus)
Wundt’s introspection : researchers
presented with a stimuli and asked to
describe their inner processes and the
same instructions where given to all
Features of a science:
Empirical method- directly observable
Objectivity- free from bias
Replicability – extent a study can be repeated
Falsifiability- possible to prove wrong
Theory construction/ hypothesis testing – possible to test a theory
Paradigm/ paradigm shift – set of ideas and shift is when ideas
change based on new information
, Approaches
Learning approach
Classical conditioning- Social learning theory (SLT)
Pavlov conducted a study with his dogs. The ucs was food and - Identification – influenced by another because they are in some way
the ns was a bell. Through association the dog began to salivate similar to that person
for the bell as he associated it with the food . - Imitation- observes role model’s behaviour and copy it
- Modelling- observe behaviour of role models who provide examples
This was further explored with little albert where the boy
of behaviour
associated a rat with a loud bang, causing him to fear rats (or
- Vicarious reinforcement – reinforcement the observer sees model
animals with white fur)
receiving
(+) used experimental method – controlled lab
Mediating processes- ARMM
(-) dog not humans
Attention: notice behaviour
(-) unethical as dog performed surgery of dogs salivary gland
Retention: remember behaviour
Operant conditioning: Motor reproduction: decide whether or not to reproduce behaviour based
Positive reinforcement = addition of something +ve to continue on ability
a behaviour Motivation: desire to perform the behaviour
Negative reinforcement = removal of something -ve to continue Bandura found that, when boys and girls around 4 years old observed
a behaviour behaviour of a male or female adult, with half having an aggressive role
Punishment = addition of something bad to stop behaviour model (hit bobo doll with hammer) and the other half having a non-
aggressive role model, participants who observed aggressive behaviour
Skinner put rats in box. Pushing the lever gave them food (+ve acted more aggressively, in particular boys where more aggressive
reinforcement) and then he put rats in a box where pushing the
lever stopped a shock (-ve reinforcement). The rats learnt to (+) experimental method (-) low ecological validity (-) unethical – stress
push the levers
SLT AO3:
(+) experimental method
(+) supported by evidence
(-) non- humans used – rats
(+) favours nurture
(+) lead to systematic desensitisation (-) determinism
(+) practical applications – teachers
(+) supported by evidence (-) over-simplistic
