NUTRITION AND DIETETICS FINAL EXAM 2024

NUTRITION AND DIETETICS FINAL EXAM 2024
What is health? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Six categories of nutrients - CORRECT ANSWERS-Carbohydrates
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Lipids/Fats
Water
Objectives of Diet and Nutrition - CORRECT ANSWERS-1- Energetic: provide energy required for all metabolic processes and also for physical activities
2- Plastic: formation and maintenance of structures
3- Regulatory: regulation of metabolic processes
What does diet depend on? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Availability
Selection (depending on economic-educational factors, habits, traditions, etc.) Appetite
Nutritional needs
Difference between diet and nutrition - CORRECT ANSWERS-Diet: voluntary, aware, can be taught (choice)
Nutrition: Involuntary, unaware, cannot be taught
Food Components - CORRECT ANSWERS-Primary components: nutrients
Secondary components: responsible for what food looks like --> color, smell, flavor/taste, texture
Macronutrients - CORRECT ANSWERS-provide bulk energy for metabolic system to function
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Micronutrients - CORRECT ANSWERS-provide necessary cofactors for metabolism; protective and regulatory functions
Minerals
Vitamins
Essential nutrients - CORRECT ANSWERS-cannot be synthesized internally at all, or in sufficient quantities, so must be consumed from outside source
Nonessential nutrients - CORRECT ANSWERS-can be generated by body although they may also often be absorbed from food
How are proteins broken down during digestion? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
proteins broken down into peptides in stomach, then broken into amino acids
which are absorbed thu small intestine
How are lipids digested? - CORRECT ANSWERS-digested mainly in small intestine thru bile salts through emulsification, which allows lipases to divide lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides
-enter bloodstream through micelles and recombine into chylomicrons
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWERS-C, H, O compounds
Also called sugars or saccharides
Converted into glucose, transported by blood and used by cells Provide energy
Can be stored as glycogen in liver
Monosaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS- ‐ They are the simplest carbohydrates
‐ Made of a polyhydroxiketone or
polyhydroxialdehide molecule.
‐ Examples:
» Glucose
» Fructose
» Galactose
» Ribose and deoxyribose
» Sugar alcohols: sorbitol, xilitol,
» Alcohol (ethanol): provides
7 Kcal/g
Oligosaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Composed of short chains of monosaccharides
- Disaccharides are the most important
- Examples:
• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose
• Dextrins
Polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS--complex carbs
-composed of numerous monosaccharide molecules ‐ Types:
• Digestible polysaccharides: They provide energy
‐ Starch
‐ Glycogen
• Non
‐digestible polysaccharides: Fiber
‐ Cellulose
‐ Hemicellulose
‐ Pectins
‐ Agar
‐ Gums and Mucilage
Functions of carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWERS--Energy supply: provide 4 kcal/g
-stored as glycogen
-save using other nutrients like lipids and proteins
-regulate GI functions
Carb digestion - CORRECT ANSWERS-to digest carbs, need:
-pytalin
-pancreatic juice
-intracellular enzymes
saccharide digestion begins in the mouth
Carb nutritional requirements - CORRECT ANSWERS-55-60% of the total dietary energy
-preferable to consume complex carbs (fiber, starch, lactose, sucrose)
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS--main caloric reserve
-C, H, O compounds
-insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (i.e. ether and chloroform)
• Examples:
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Cholesterol
• CIS Fatty acids
Triglyceride - CORRECT ANSWERS--can be fats and oils
-composed of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids connected by ester bonds
Types:
-saturated
-MUFA (monounsaturated)
-PUFA (polyunsaturated)